China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Epigenetics in Sperm, Epigenetic Diagnostics, and Transgenerational Inheritance
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Jennifer L. M. Thorson, Millissia Ben Maamar, Michael K. Skinner
Non-coding RNA molecules can act as epigenetic factors (37) (Figure 7.1). These are small RNA molecules that do not code for a protein, but rather function as RNA to regulate gene expression. The non-coding RNA molecules that act as epigenetic factors have secondary structure to facilitate DNA and protein interactions, but are not DNA sequence-dependent, so the majority do not depend on having a nucleotide sequence that is complimentary to a specific DNA or RNA region in order to function. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (38) and small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are the two major types. The sncRNA have many sub-families such as transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) (39), which are examples of ncRNA classes that are present in sperm and can act as epigenetic factors that affect subsequent generations (39,40).
Role of Epigenetics in Immunity and Immune Response to Vaccination
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are RNA molecules that do not code for a protein and therefore are not translated into proteins. While showing a wide range of functionality, most of the ncRNAs have regulatory or housekeeping roles. Epigenetically functional ncRNAs include microRNAs (miRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and circular RNAs (circRNA). In addition to their functional diversity, ncRNAs can also be classified according to their size as short ncRNAs and long ncRNAs (Zaratiegui, Irvine, and Martienssen 2007). ncRNAs with maximum length of 200 nucleotides (nt) are considered short ncRNAs while ncRNAs longer than 200 nt are classified as long ncRNAs.
The Role of Epigenetics in Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Exercise and Exercise Training
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
A number of other epigenetic mechanisms can influence transcriptional responses without altering genome sequence. Non-coding RNA, such as miRNA, regulates gene expression by binding to untranslated regions of mRNA to either prevent its translation or promote its degradation (21). Up to 30% of the transcriptome is regulated by miRNA, which are expressed from non-coding regions of DNA (65). As such, miRNA expression is itself sensitive to canonical epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Furthermore, miRNA regulation of epigenetic-modifying enzymes means that these non-coding RNAs can also feed back to control both DNA methylation and histone modifications (65). Considering this intertwined relationship, this chapter will focus on canonical epigenetic mechanisms that alter gene expression at the level of the genome, which have been implicated in the adaptive response to exercise. Readers interested in further understanding the role of miRNA and other non-coding RNA in the regulation of exercise adaptations are encouraged to read recent excellent reviews on this subject (14, 53, 54). Other novel mechanisms of transcriptional control are also regularly emerging. Indeed, the recently identified epitranscriptome—RNA modifications such as cytidine acetylation and adenosine methylation that influence mRNA stability and translation efficiency (50)—could conceivably also play a role in exercise adaptive responses. These will be critical questions for the field to address in the future.
Diagnostic value of non-coding RNAs in ovarian cancer
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Ningxia Sun, Shiguo Liu, Aiping Chen
Non-coding RNAs are a class of functional RNA molecules that cannot be translated into proteins, accounting for 98% of the human genome, including housekeeping non-coding RNAs (tRNA, rRNA, snRNA) and regulatory non-coding RNAs (siRNA, miRNA, piRNA, lncRNA, circRNA) (Hemberg et al.2012). Regulatory non-coding RNAs can also be divided into >200nt lncRNA, 19-24nt miRNA and circRNA with a ring structure according to their length. miRNA regulates mRNA degradation and protein translation by binding to the 3'UTR of mRNA. LncRNAs can regulate gene expression by acting as ‘molecular sponges’. CircRNA is a closed circular non-coding RNA molecule that can also regulate gene transcription and translation and act as ‘molecular sponges’. These three non-coding RNAs can regulate cellular processes through direct interaction (Anastasiadou et al. 2018). In recent years, non-coding RNAs have been observed to play an important role in regulating target gene expression and protein translation. Dysregulation of its expression is involved in the occurrence and development of cancers, including ovarian, prostate and kidney cancers. The metastasis of cancer and generation of drug resistance are also closely related to the disorder of ncRNA (Zhao et al. 2020). An increasing number of studies have confirmed that the abnormal lncRNA, circRNA, and miRNA are involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. In this review, we summarise the role of these transcripts in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer and provide additional evidence for the use of non-coding RNAs as biomarkers for ovarian cancer.
Circ_0072995 drives cervical cancer development by regulating the miR-29a/WDR5 axis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Non-coding RNAs are a group of RNAs that do not encode proteins (Panni et al. 2020; Zou et al. 2021). According to the length and structure of the nucleotide, these RNAs are further categorized as long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miR), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) (Panni et al. 2020). Non-coding RNAs regulate the biological behaviour of tumour cells mainly by targeting the translation of key factors involved in tumorigenesis (Hulshoff et al. 2019). Circ_0072995 was first shown to promote breast cancer by Zhang et al. (2018). Subsequent studies revealed that circ_0072995 is also involved in the development of other cancers, including epithelial ovarian cancer (Huang et al. 2022) and hepatocellular carcinoma (He et al. 2021). However, no studies have explored the association between circ_0072995 and cervical cancer.
Long-chain non-coding RNA UCA1 inhibits renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis by targeting microRNA-206 in diabetic nephropathy
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Rucui Yu, Yan Zhang, Zhihui Lu, Jinhu Li, Peng Shi, Jianming Li
In recent years, the discovery of non-coding RNAs has provided a new perspective for studying the reasons for tumours to maintain a malignant phenotype, and there is increasing evidence that non-coding RNA is one of the important reasons for anti-tumour drug resistance (Diermeier et al. 2016). It has been reported that LncRNA UCA1 (UCA1, urinary tract tumour-associated molecule 1) regulates drug resistance in various types of human tumours (Wang et al. 2015). Through different functional modes, LncRNA acts as a natural molecular sponge of endogenous miRNAs to participate in various physiological and pathological processes, and thus blocks the inhibition of target genes by miRNAs at the post-transcriptional level. The database was searched for by LncRNA UCA1, and the search results showed that there were no reports on UCA1 and renal tubular epithelial cells. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the role of UCA1 in the molecular mechanism of DN. This study found that the expression level of UCA1 in diabetic renal tubular epithelial tissue was significantly lower than that in normal tissues. Furthermore, the amount of UCA1 expression in HG-induced HK-2 cells was significantly down-regulated compared with control cells. Furthermore, UCA1 overexpression was able to inhibit up-regulation of Caspase-1, IL-1β, and NLRP3 induced by HG, and its expression level was further enhanced by knockdown of UCA1. These data indicated that UCA1 may play an important role in DN progression, whereas HG-induced apoptosis and inflammation in HK-2 cells by inhibiting UCA1 expression.