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Heavy Metal Pollution and Medicinal Plants
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Allah Ditta, Naseer Ullah, Xiaomin Li, Ghulam Sarwar Soomro, Muhammad Imtiaz, Sajid Mehmood, Amin Ullah Jan, Muhammad Shahid Rizwan, Muhammad Rizwan, Iftikhar Ahmad
Rahoui et al. (2017) had also reported that Cd stress stimulates the protective mechanisms in organically generated Medicago truncatula seedling roots. Across several genetic variants examined excluding TN1, 11, and A17, Cd stress (100 μM) immediately enhanced ROS generation, improved antioxidants such as total CAT, PRX, SOD, and as well as metabolites related to the transformation of ascorbate and glutathione like APX and MDA. The production of soluble phenolics was also enhanced under Cd treatment along with peroxidase improvement. Consequently, the lignification presence was confined to the newly formed protoxylem products developed in the region of the root tip, typically the area of elongation. Developmental modifications such as lignocellulosic accumulation increased the content of cellulose as well as pectin and endothelial meatus, and compact and mutilated hair was observed in the roots of plants treated with Cd.
The Journey through the Gene: a Focus on Plant Anti-pathogenic Agents Mining in the Omics Era
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Éderson Akio Kido, Flávia Figueira Aburjaile, Manassés Daniel da Silva, Marislane Carvalho Paz de Souza, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
Functional genomics, such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, also provide a powerful tool for understanding secondary metabolism. The Medicago truncatula transcriptome, providing ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) from a variety of plant tissues under (a)biotic treatments (Suzuki et al. 2002), allowed transcripts identification for three putative enzymes (squalene synthase, squalene epoxidase and beta-amyrin synthase) involved in the early steps of triterpene saponin biosynthesis.
Molecular Biology Tools to Boost the Production of Natural Products
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Luzia Valentina Modolo, Samuel Chaves-Silva, Thamara Ferreira da Silva, Cristiane Jovelina da-Silva
A known fact is that many plants synthesize valuable compounds in amounts that are usually not enough to meet the various commercial demands, thus, molecular biology is an interesting approach for the large-scale production of structurally complex substances. In fact, the advance in sequencing technologies has boosted research on plant genomics in recent years. The development of bioinformatic tools for the analysis of transcriptional data has been of considerable help in studies on evolution, organization and gene expression regulation. The generation of metabolite libraries and elucidation of species-specific biosynthetic pathways beyond those reported for model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae), Medicago truncatula (Fabaceae) or Oryza sativa (Poaceae) serve to expand the knowledge on the biosynthesis of natural products in medicinal plants (Unamba et al., 2015). Once identified, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of a valuable substance, new biotechnological approaches such as synthetic biology, genome editing and reverse genetics can then assist the manipulation of biosynthetic pathways in planta or in a host (e.g. bacteria, yeast, insect cells, cell culture, hairy root culture, etc.). This approach can lead to improve the production of desired compounds. The following topics provide details on some technological approaches based on molecular biology that are useful to enrich the accumulation of natural products in living cells.
Concepts and strategies of soybean seed proteomics using the shotgun proteomics approach
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Cheol Woo Min, Ravi Gupta, Ganesh Kumar Agrawal, Randeep Rakwal, Sun Tae Kim
Proteomics is a powerful and rapidly developing technology, the main objective of which is to conduct large-scale proteome mapping of biological systems. However, the adoption of shotgun approaches for proteome analysis, which simultaneously analyzes multiple samples, has increased the cost and complexity of MS/MS. To circumvent this problem, researchers have developed isobaric tags, which allow the simultaneous analysis of up to 10 different samples [36,37]. Briefly, peptides from different samples are labeled with different isobaric tags, wherein the amine group of the tag reacts with the N-terminal and lysine residues of the peptides [14]. Isobaric tags, such as TMT and iTRAQ for MS2 quantification, possess a unique mass reporter, cleavable linker, and amine-reactive group for relative and absolute quantification. The utilization of the shotgun proteomics approaches can increase the number of proteins identified in plant samples, including those from soybean and other HAP-rich legumes. For example, a TMT-based proteomics approach in Medicago truncatula resulted in the identification of 23,013 protein groups [38]. Based on the success of this and other similar studies, we propose a general workflow for the shotgun proteome analysis of soybean seeds and describe each step of the process, including protein extraction, trypsin digestion, TMT labeling, and pre-fractionation of peptides [39].
Nanotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) to environmentally relevant beneficial soil bacteria – a critical review
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Ricky W. Lewis, Paul M. Bertsch, David H. McNear
A full review of the effects of ENM exposure on plant–microbe interactions is beyond the scope of this review; however, it is useful to provide highlights of what is currently known regarding N-fixing microsymbionts in the context of their host plants. There is relatively little known concerning the influence of ENM on root nodule development or function. From an environmental protection perspective, the most relevant study to date examined the physiological responses of Medicago truncatula A17 grown in Si. meliloti Rm 2011 inoculated soils amended with field composted biosolids containing Ag, ZnO, and TiO2 ENMs or AgNO3, ZnSO4, and micron-sized TiO2 (Judy, McNear, et al. 2015). In this study, the ENM-enriched biosolids significantly reduced the number of root nodules (<1 nodule/plant) observed after 30 d of growth compared with the no metal control and the dissolved/bulk enriched biosolids amended treatment, which had 4–6 nodules/plant, respectively. This effect did not appear to be a result of enhanced plant health, as ENM treatment significantly decreased fresh shoot biomass (32%), dried root biomass (35%), and shoot length (19%). There was a reduction in Si. meliloti CFU estimates by bulk/dissolved and ENM treatments (90 and 86% reduction, respectively); however, reduced nodulation did not appear to be a result of decreased survival of Si. meliloti in the ENM treatments, as nodulation was not influenced by bulk/dissolved treatments. Regardless, it remains unclear if ENM-specific stress responses may have influenced Si. meliloti physiology, thereby reducing the symbiotic capacity of the organism. The authors suggest that enhanced zinc uptake observed in the ENM treatments likely explains much of the observed responses, but further research is required because plants were co-exposed to several metals at once. Furthermore, additional experiments should be duplicated using biosolids from multiple sources with varying compositions to determine the influence of biosolid specific factors.