China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Lower airway bronchoscopic interpretation
Published in Don Hayes, Kara D. Meister, Pediatric Bronchoscopy for Clinicians, 2023
Kimberley R. Kaspy, Sara M. Zak
Laryngeal cleftThis is a congenital abnormality where there is an abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus (similar to TEFs) from an opening in the posterior laryngotracheal wall. However, in this case, the posterior membrane of the trachea and the anterior wall of the esophagus did not form normally, resulting in a common tube for both the trachea and esophagus.13,14Types 1 and 2 clefts occur at the level of the glottis, with Type 1 being the mildest (Type 1 is a gap to the vocal cords but above the cricoid cartilage, with Type 2 extending below the vocal cords into the cricoid cartilage). Types 3 and 4 extend into the trachea, with Type 4 being the most severe form, which can extend down to the mainstem carina (Type 3 extends through the cricoid cartilage into the cervical trachea and Type 4 extends further down the trachea below the thoracic inlet).13 A Type 4 laryngeal cleft is shown in Video 5.1.These can be difficult to diagnose via flexible bronchoscopy and are typically better evaluated with a rigid bronchoscope.
Disorders of larynx, trachea and upper airway
Published in Brice Antao, S Irish Michael, Anthony Lander, S Rothenberg MD Steven, Succeeding in Paediatric Surgery Examinations, 2017
Charles M Myer IV, Charles M Myer III
From the list above, choose the option which matches the description below. Surgical management of type IV laryngeal cleft.Symptoms of laryngeal cleft.A posterior midline submucous cartilage defect with intact soft tissue, including mucosa and interarytenoid muscle.
Congenital airway malformations
Published in Prem Puri, Newborn Surgery, 2017
Alessandro de Alarcón, Richard G. Azizkhan
Posterior laryngeal cleft is a rare congenital anomaly that results from failure of the laryngotracheal groove to fuse during embryogenesis. This anomaly comprises four anatomic subtypes that differ with respect to involvement of the larynx and/or trachea (Figure 38.4).38 Patients frequently have coexisting anomalies, many of which affect the airway. Associated airway anomalies include tracheomalacia (almost always present in varying levels of severity), TEF formation (20%), laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, SGS, and innominate artery compression. Associated nonairway conditions include anogenital anomalies, cleft lip and palate, congenital heart defects, and GER, which affects most children. The most common associated syndrome is Opitz–Frias syndrome, which is characterized by hypertelorism, anogenital anomalies, and posterior laryngeal clefting.39
Ocular findings of albinism in DYRK1A-related intellectual disability syndrome
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2020
Julia Ernst, Michelle L. Alabek, Amgad Eldib, Suneeta Madan-Khetarpal, Jessica Sebastian, Aashim Bhatia, Alkiviades Liasis, Ken K. Nischal
A review of her past medical history revealed vaginal delivery at 32 weeks, jaundice, feeding difficulties, hypoglycemia, and apneic episodes. Dysmorphic features were noted in the neonatal period, including microcephaly, retro-micrognathia, blue sclerae, and low-set ears. The patient had continuing dysphagia and failure to thrive. Around 2 months of age, the patient was diagnosed with intermittent cricopharyngeus dysfunction, submucosal cleft palate, and type 1 laryngeal cleft, which was treated with injection laryngoplasty. From a neurological perspective, she had severe language delay, head drop, and staring spells. She also had a history of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and small aortopulmonary (AP) collateral vessel, gastro-esophageal reflex disorder (GERD), constipation, and frequent otitis media.
Pediatric bronchoscopy: recent advances and clinical challenges
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
P Goussard, P Pohunek, E Eber, F Midulla, G Di Mattia, M Merven, JT Janson
Both bronchoscopy and BAL may be of value in evaluating the preschool child with wheezing and symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER). It is important to exclude upper airway pathology that can lead to aspiration. This includes vocal cord palsy and dysfunction, laryngomalacia, and a laryngeal cleft. When a laryngeal cleft is suspected, both flexible and rigid bronchoscopy with palpation of the inter-arytenoid notch must be done as the diagnosis may be missed if only a flexible bronchoscopy is performed. Although rare, an H-type trachea-esophageal fistula must also be excluded. Boesch et al. identified a laryngeal cleft in 17% of cases with persistent or recurring wheezing [42].
Transfixing Anterior Laryngeal Cleft in a Malformed Stillborn at Term: Case Report
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Melgar-Cossich Veronica, Zuñiga Sandra P, Olaya-C Mercedes, Franco Z Jorge A.
Laryngeal cleft (LC) is an upper airway malformation that typically occurs on the posterior wall of the larynx. It occurs in 1:10,000 births, and is more frequent in males (5:3). Its cause is unknown; however, associations exist with concurrent syndromes, as well as with a number of genetic abnormalities and complexes. LC classification depends upon the depth of the posterior cleft, which, in turn, determines severity [1]. In our review of the literature, we found only one report that classified the cleft as submucosal in the anterior wall [2]. Nowhere did we encounter reports of large transmural anterior laryngeal clefts.