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Psoriasis and lichen planus
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
The chance of children being affected varies according to family history. With one positive parent history, chances are 14%, which goes up to about 41% with both parents being clinically affected. A range of “susceptibility genes” in the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) determine the incidence and severity of psoriasis in a person. HLA-C (mainly HLA Cw6) is the main gene associated with the disease. HLA-B27 is a marker for sacroiliitis associated with psoriasis.
PCR-RFLP
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
The PCR-RFLP method is an excellent technique for routine tissue typing which allows unequivocal definition of all of possible HLA class II homo- and heterozygotes. The method is simple, sensitive, reliable, inexpensive, and practical as compared to the PCR-SSO method. PCR-RFLP can be substituted for the serological and cellular typing methods in HLA matching in transplantation, the HLA-disease association study, paternity testing and functional analysis of HLA antigens in the immunological process. Flow charts of the PCR-RFLP method described here are illustrated in Figures 2 to 8.
Acquired Immunity
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
In humans, MHC is a cluster of genes located in chromosome 6. It encodes a series of molecules called human leukocyte antigens (HLA). The HLA molecules are distributed throughout the tissues of the body. It is through differences in HLA that cells are detected as ‘self’ and ‘non-self’. The HLA are cell-surface glycoproteins that extend from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm (Figure 56.10). They are classified into class I (HLA-A, -B, -C) and class II (HLA-D, HLA-DR) molecules. These glycoproteins consist of α and β chains which form a groove in which an antigen peptide sits ready for presentation to T cells.
Memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells in AMR
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Wenlong Yue, Jia Liu, Xiaohu Li, Luman Wang, Jinfeng Li
In terms of transplantation, the main cause of AMR is mismatch between the donor and recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. HLA is an expression product of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the products of which can be divided into HLA class I, class II and class III molecules. Class III molecules mainly include complement, which is mainly involved in the inflammatory response. Among them, the class I molecule and class II molecule are often tested clinically. Class I molecules include HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C, while Class II molecules include HLA-DR, HLA-DQ and HLA-DP [79]. The occurrence of postoperative AMR is essentially the production of antibodies against these mismatched HLAs. Therefore, it is very important to detect the number of mismatching of different epitopes of HLA in donors and recipients before surgery.
Mediation roles of neutrophils and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on the relationship between HLA-DQB1 and rosacea
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Wenqin Xiao, Ji Li, Xin Huang, Quan Zhu, Tangxiele Liu, Hongfu Xie, Zhili Deng, Yan Tang
Besides, immune dysfunction is one of the dominating mechanisms of rosacea. Neutrophils, making up the majority of innate immune effector cells, react immediately against acute inflammation and immune reactions when exposed to pathogens [14]. Vast research confirmed that rosacea lesions are infiltrated with abundant neutrophils, suggesting a vital role of neutrophils played in the immune-related mechanism of rosacea. HLA is essential to immune reactions by presenting antigens and recruiting immunocytes including neutrophils. Besides, HLA, which presents antigens from extracellular sources, may explain the connection between microbes and rosacea and could participate in immune reactions of rosacea [13]. Hence, we speculate that HLA might mediate immune dysfunction in rosacea through mediating the expression of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mediation effect of neutrophils on the association between HLA and rosacea, if any.
The impact of the HLA DQB1 gene and amino acids on the development of narcolepsy
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Leila Kachooei-Mohaghegh-yaghoobi, Fatemeh Rezaei-Rad, Khosro Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, Mahdi Zamani
The strongest association between HLA genes and many known diseases have been established. It has also been estimated that more than 98% of people with type 1 Narcolepsy carrying HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele. HLA-DQB1*06:02 is also detected in roughly 50% of people with type 2 Narcolepsy, but only in 12 to 30% of the general population in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Overall, this HLA gene is predicted to increase the risk of Narcolepsy by a factor of about 200 times. Type 1 Narcolepsy has also been linked to polymorphisms in other genes. HLA-DQB1*06:02 gene is mostly linked to DQA1*01:02 gene, and their gene products form an αβ-heterodimer that presents antigen to T-cell receptor on CD4+ T cells. Also, there are numerous HLA alleles in addition to the DQB1*06:02 allele which increase susceptibility to Narcolepsy, including DQB1*03:01, DQA1*06, DRB1*04, DRB1*08, DRB1*11 and DRB1*12 alleles [18,19]. In contrast, studies by several groups using different methods, including genome-wide association study have described protective effects of DQA1*01:03 and DQB1*06:03 alleles in Narcolepsy [20]. Our aim in this study is to evaluate the association of the frequently reported HLA-DQB1 alleles and genotypes linked with the pathogenesis of Narcolepsy in Iranian population.