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Understanding the Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants under Environmental Pollution
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Prachi Sao, Rahat Parveen, Aryan Khattri, Shubhra Sharma, Neha Tiwari, Sachidanand Singh
Genetic engineering can also be called genetic alteration and can be described as changes made by humans in the genetic structure or arrangement of some species. These methods are widely used by scientists to enhance the essential characteristics of spices such as disease tolerance, adverse environmental contamination, and increased yield (Rausher, 2001). Using genetically modified plants for phytoremediation improves the efficacy of the technology. Extensive research on the metabolomics of phytoremediation plants, at the molecular and pathways level, researchers were able to selectively modify genes of the plant to enhance phytoremediation properties.
Consumer Safety Considerations of Cosmetic Preservation*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Corie A. Ellison, Alhaji U. N’jai, Donald L. Bjerke
Mutagenicity or mutation is defined as a permanent change in the content or structure of the genetic material of an organism that may result in a heritable change in the characteristics of the organism. These changes may involve many aspects of the genetic structure including a gene or gene segment, a block of genes, or whole chromosomes.
A Brief History of Genetic Therapy: Gene Therapy, Antisense Technology, and Genomics
Published in Eric Wickstrom, Clinical Trials of Genetic Therapy with Antisense DNA and DNA Vectors, 2020
Notwithstanding the formal study and successful manipulation of genetics in nature, the actual genetic structure responsible for dictating the phenotype of organisms remained unknown. In other words, classical genetics was—and is—an indirect study of genetic forces.
Novel alterations of CC2D1A as a candidate gene in a Turkish sample of patients with autism spectrum disorder
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Elif Funda Sener, Muge Gulcihan Onal, Fatma Dal, Ufuk Nalbantoglu, Yusuf Ozkul, Halit Canatan, Didem Behice Oztop
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous and complex neurodevelopmental disorder with early onset in childhood; the spectrum of disorder is recognized in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM-V) [1–3]. ASD diagnosis includes impairments in social interactions and in both verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive, restricted stereotypical behaviors and interests [4,5]. ASD is a highly complex and heritable neuropsychiatric disease, but its genetic etiology remains unknown [6]. Over the past five years, next-generation sequencing (NGS) of large ASD cohorts has radically changed the gene discovery [7,8]. Currently, approximately ∼1000 genes are related to be involved in ASD pathology [9]. Although common genetic variants have been shown to pose a risk for this disease, ASD is often associated with rare mutations, which partly show a genetic structure partially similar to intellectual disability (ID). Since ASD is associated with ID in 30–50% of cases, these disorders may not be genetically different [10–12]. However, it is not clear how mutations in the same gene may have different results, from severe ID with significant social defects to protected intellectual function.
Human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) env in neuronal extracellular vesicles: a new biomarker of motor neuron disease
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2022
Yuan Li, Yong Chen, Nan Zhang, Dongsheng Fan
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of provirus genome that integrated into the human genome through infection over several million years (1,2), accounting for approximately 8% of the human genome (3). As humans evolved, most HERVs lost transcriptional activity due to deletions or stop codons in the reading frames, but some HERVs have complete open reading frames (ORFs) that can express viral protein particles or proviruses. Currently, HERV-K has been confirmed as the most active, and it can express complete functional proteins. HERVs and exogenous retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), have similar genetic structures, with long terminal repeats (LTRs) and gag, pro, pol, and env regions, which encodes envelope proteins (4). The env protein is structurally divided into surface unit (SU) and transmembrane (TM) moieties. Whether HERV-K Env protein is functional is a matter of debate, but some evidence suggests SU may serve as a receptor and participate in membrane fusion and immune regulation, TM may relate to intracellular signal transduction (5).
X-chromosomal STRs for genetic composition analysis of Guizhou Dong group and its phylogenetic relationships with other reference populations
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Meiqing Yang, Xiaoye Jin, Zheng Ren, Qiyan Wang, Hongling Zhang, Han Zhang, Jing Chen, Jingyan Ji, Yubo Liu, Jiang Huang
Here, we explored the genetic composition of Guizhou Dong and assessed its phylogenetic relationships with other reference populations using multiple population genetic methods (DA genetic distances, PCA, MDS, and phylogenetic tree). Obtained results showed that Guizhou Dong exhibited intimate genetic affinities with linguistically or geographically close populations like Zunyi Gelao, Guizhou Miao, Guangxi Zhuang, Guizhou Bouyei, Guizhou Sui groups, and so on. A previous study has shown that Hunan Dong was genetically close to the Hunan Yao group compared with Hunan Tujia and Miao, based on Y-STRs (Feng et al. 2020). A separate previous study, based on InDels, has shown that Guizhou Dong clustered with Tai–Kadai-speaking populations, especially the populations from Guangxi, such as Guangxi Dong, Kelao, and Zhuang (Liu et al. 2020). The genetic affinity of the newly studied Dong was different from those studies of Hunan Dong (Y-STRs) and was similar to those of Guizhou Dong (InDels). This might be related to different reference populations used in these studies. In addition, the different genetic structures of Guizhou Dong and Hunan Dong may also contribute to these results. In the future, genome-wide genetic variations will need to be assessed in the Dong group to better dissect the fine genetic structure and relationship.