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Reliable Biomedical Applications Using AI Models
Published in Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Rohit Verma, Healthcare Solutions Using Machine Learning and Informatics, 2023
Shambhavi Mishra, Tanveer Ahmed, Vipul Mishra
The three basic steps in the biological process for gene expression are transcription, RNA processing, and translation.Transcription makes RNA molecules (also known as RNA (premRNA)), which are basically replicas of the DNA reproduced in gene structure.In RNA processing, RNA (pre-mRNA) goes into a new RNA module known as messenger RNA(mRNA).In translation, the mRNA sequence is translated into a protein molecule.
Insulin-Like Growth Factors
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Alan D. Stiles, Billie M. Moats-Staats, George Z. Retsch-Bogart
The gene for human IGF-I is located on the long arm of chromosome 12, occupying 75 kilobases (kb) or more of DNA. The full gene structure has not been defined, but there are at least six exons, four of which are coding exons for the peptide, and two alternate exons encoding 5′ untranslated regions (UT). The regulatory regions of this gene have not yet been identified. The variation in transcript size encoded by the IGF-I gene appears to result mostly from differences in the length of the 3′ UT region. The significance of the various-sized transcripts remains unclear, although differences in abundance of the size classes of transcripts vary with the tissue or cell type examined, as well as developmental stage or state of nutrition.
Role of Histone Methyltransferase in Breast Cancer
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Surekha Manhas, Zaved Ahmed Khan
Further, this specific distribution leads to set2 association with plo11 component, elongating Ser2-dependent phosphorylated CTD, basically which is highly predominant over 30 ends and bodies of functional genes [56–58]. Similarly, H3K36me3 residue has also interlinked with the regulation of specific histone protein residue acetylation. Histone residue, H3K36me3, is able to recruit HDACs from active transcription regions. In yeast, H3K36me2/3 recognition by means of EAF3 complex containing bromodomain recruits the HDAC+RPD3S complex that deacetylates histones. In addition, it also prevents spurious initiation of transcription within bodies of active genes [59–61]. At the specific region of gene promoters, histone hyperacetylation and H3K4me3 might play a particular role in the regulation of transcriptional initiation from regions of transcriptional stating sites, whereby the H3K36me2/3-mediated process related with deacetylation is needed in the wake of specific active gene transcriptional machinery to prevent transcriptional initiation from inappropriate aberrant regions present within gene structure. Mutual exclusivity between the H3K36me3 and H3K4me3 may be crucial to maintain transcriptional integrity.
Scorpion venomics: a 2019 overview
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Jimena I. Cid-Uribe, José Ignacio Veytia-Bucheli, Teresa Romero-Gutierrez, Ernesto Ortiz, Lourival D. Possani
Only the M. martensii analysis was performed with a venomics approach. Venom neurotoxin genes constitute the most expanded families, with a total of 116 genes found in the genome. Among them, 109 were also identified as transcripts in the venomous gland analysis. Regarding the architecture of these genes, 51 were found to arrange in clusters on 17 scaffolds. Within each cluster, tandemly duplicated genes of the same family with similar gene structure are found. Notably, similar gene features are also found in the defensin gene loci, exhibiting an evolutionary trajectory parallel to that of the neurotoxin genes [19]. Neurotoxin genes contain one, two, or no intron. The form with one intron and two exons represents the majority of neurotoxin genes: the first exon spans the 5ʹ untranslated region and the stretch encoding the first two-thirds of the signal peptide, whereas the second exon encodes the last third of the signal peptide, the mature neurotoxin, and the 3ʹ untranslated region.
Molecular characterisation of emerging pathogens of unexplained infectious disease syndromes
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Xin Li, Susanna K. P. Lau, Patrick C. Y. Woo
With the boom in studies on nucleic acid sequencing and bacterial genetics in the 1960s, the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene structure, distribution, and sequences of various bacteria were progressively deciphered. More specifically, the 16S rRNA gene, being ubiquitous and highly constrained within species, was gradually adopted as a reliable means of bacterial classification and characterization of newly identified organisms [9]. The random accumulation of mutations in the 16S rRNA genes can serve as a molecular clock in bacterial evolution [10]. Broad-range primers targeting the highly conserved regions are used to amplify the gene from index organism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the products are subjected to alignment with sequences in reference databases. With the refinement in PCR techniques and development of automated sequencing platforms, 16S rRNA sequencing is increasingly being utilized for bacterial identification and classification with high reproducibility [11–14]. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing has been recognized as the standard reference of prokaryotic phylogeny, with high correlation with complete genome phylogeny [15]. Numerous bacteria have been renamed or reclassified into new genera based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences.
Transcriptional control and transcriptomic analysis of lipid metabolism in skin barrier formation and atopic dermatitis (AD)
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Nilika Bhattacharya, Gitali Ganguli-Indra, Arup K. Indra
Transcriptome essentially contains the complete transcript information of all genes expressed by the genome in a spatio-temporal manner (including addressing the potential variation in expressivity from one tissue to another during various stages of development as well as in healthy as opposed to diseased condition). Hence, transcriptome analysis can help provide us insight into the human genome at the transcription level thereby shedding light on the gene structure and function, gene expression regulation, and genomic plasticity. In addition, it can also help us determine the key gene products involved in distinct biological processes and how their alteration from normal expression levels can lead to disease development in turn not only allowing complete understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms but also providing the necessary knowledge to select for potential prognostic biomarkers for early diagnosis [3].