China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Repeated DNA Sequences and Polyploidy in Cereal Crops
Published in S. K. Dutta, DNA Systematics, 2019
Flavell et al.50 have described the events leading to the evolution and divergence of cereal genome, especially the rye and wheat. The essential features of cereal evolution at molecular level are Only a small portion of the genome is responsible for coding and gene control. This is highly conserved.The repeated DNA sequences are not highly conserved and evolve by amplification, mutation, translocation, deletion, and rearrangement. It is mainly such molecular events that have contributed to chromosomal and species divergence. These events are also believed to prevent pairing of chromosomes at meiosis in interspecies hybrids. However, there is no experimental evidence relating repetitive sequences to pairing at meiosis. In general, it is now recognized that turnover of repeated DNA sequences has played an important role in the evolution and speciation of eukaryotes.81 These molecular models, however, lack convincing experimental support at present.81
Histocompatibility Typing by Polyclonal and Cloned Human Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Published in Soldano Ferrone, B. G. Solheim, HLA Typing: Methodology and Clinical Aspects, 2019
T. Kristensen, B. Malissen, H. E. Johnsen
Goulmy et al.134 have used indirect CML in longitudinal studies of renal transplant recipients. Splenocytes from the kidney donor were frozen as were PBL from the recipient at several times before and following transplantation. When later tested, it was found that of 55 recipients studied, approximately ⅔ had become specifically CML nonresponsive to the donor. This CML nonreactivity coincides in a significant manner with good renal function and was most often seen in HLA-DR4 positive recipients. This could indicate that this phenomenon is under HLA linked and/or restricted Ir gene control and points to indirect CML as a method to study immunological networks and their genetic control.
The Immortal Cell
Published in John Melford, Pocket Guide to Cancer, 2017
Targets at the end of each branch of signaling proteins are effectors, such as transcription factors, that initiate or repress the expression of genes that then go on to execute cellular processes. These may be, but are not limited to, the activation or cessation of cell division, the synthesis of proteins, the initiation of apoptosis, or the ramping up of metabolism to provide energy to sustain cell division. The regulation of transcription is the most common form of gene control.
Paracrine effects of mir-210-3p on angiogenesis in hypoxia-treated c-kit-positive cardiac cells
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Louyi Shen, Guan Fan, Guoliang Yang, Zhijie Yang, Chun Gui
The microRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny noncoding RNA molecules that serve crucial roles in gene control after transcription. They play various roles in biological reactions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Moreover, they play regulatory roles in occurrence and progression of cardiovascular illnesses, angiogenesis [6], cardiomyocyte apoptosis [7], proliferation and injury of endothelial cells [8], myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis [9,10], atherosclerosis [11], arrhythmia [12], and other physiological and pathological processes. To enhance angiogenesis, miR-210 suppresses the expressions of antiangiogenic factors [13]. The miRNAs can regulate the proliferation [14], differentiation [15], angiogenesis [16,17], apoptosis, necrosis [18] and paracrine effects [19,20] of cardiac cells.
LncRNA PTENP1 inhibits cervical cancer progression by suppressing miR-106b
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Yingrui Fan, Weiwei Sheng, Yi Meng, Yundi Cao, Rong Li
Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) reagent was applied to extract the total RNA from tissue samples and cells. Ultraviolet analysis and formaldehyde denaturation electrophoresis were applied to verify the quality of extracted RNA. Then l μg of RNA was subjected to AMV reverse transcriptase to obtain cDNA. PCR primers were designed and synthesised by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) (Table 2). GAPDH was used as an internal control and U6 was used as an internal control for RNA in cell nucleus. PCR was amplified on following conditions: pre-denature at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of denature at 94 °C for 40 s, anneal at 60 °C for 40 s and extend at 72 °C for 1 min, and finally extend at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR product was verified through agarose gel electrophoresis. The lowest point in the parallel rising of the logarithmic amplification curve was manually selected to obtain the cycle threshold. Data were analysed by 2-ΔΔCt method, in which 2-ΔΔCt presents the ratio of gene expressions between the experimental group and control group. ΔΔCt = [Ct (target gene) – Ct (control gene)] experimental group – [Ct (target gene) – Ct (control gene)] control group. Each test was repeated three times to obtain the average value.
Simple techniques to study multifaceted diabesity in the fly model
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Nibedita Nayak, Monalisa Mishra
The RT-PCR experiment is carried out to achieve the data of relative quantification and regarding its analysis. Several methods have been developed but ΔΔCt mathematical (Livak and Schmittgen 2001) models and the efficiency calibrated model (Pfaffl 2001; Pfaffl et al. 2002) are the two mathematical models which are generally used for q-PCR analysis. The Applied Biosystems User Bulletin No. 2 (P/N 4303859) has described the derivation of 2–ΔΔCt which also depicts the assumptions, experimental design and test validations and 2–ΔΔCt is used to analyse the RT-PCR data (Winer et al. 1999; Schmittgen et al. 2000). The four easy steps used for the analysis are explained below (Livak and Schmittgen 2001):First obtain the raw data after the q-PCR run is over.The raw data consist of (a) Ct values of the housekeeping gene: control and experimental conditions. Ct values of target gene: control and treated conditions.First, in both control and treated conditions the housekeeping gene average Ct values and target gene average Ct values are taken from obtained raw data. Let the values be Target gene Treated (TT), Target gene Control (TC), Control House Keeping gene (CHK), and Treated Keeping gene (THK).Next, step is to calculate ΔCt values