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Protein Phosphorylation
Published in Enrique Pimentel, Handbook of Growth Factors, 2017
The lck gene, also termed Isk or tck, has been the focus of much attention for the relation of its protein product with the function of T lymphocytes.248-250 The lck gene was first detected and identified in the LSTRA cell line, a line that was derived from a M-MuLV-infected mouse and contains an elevated level of tyrosine kinase activity.251-254 The lck gene product is a protein of 56 kDa, termed p56lck or Lck, with tyrosine kinase activity. Lck is expressed at low levels in most types of murine and human cells, with the exception of T lymphocytes, in which it is specifically associated with cell surface glycoproteins.255-257 The lck gene is transcribed via two separate promoters that behave in a developmentally regulated fashion; while both promoters are active in thymocytes, only the distal promoter is active in mature T lymphocytes.258 The chicken gene tkl, which encodes a 457-residue protein with tyrosine kinase activity,259 is the avian homolog of the mammalian lck gene.260 Transcripts of the tkl/lck gene are expressed in CEF cells as well as in chicken spleen and brain.
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Published in Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita, Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
62 Sai K, Itoda M, Saito Y, Kurose K, Katori N, Kaniwa N, Komamura K et al. Genetic variations and haplotype structures of the ABCB1 gene in a Japanese population: An expanded haplotype block covering the distal promoter region, and associated ethnic differences. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70(Pt 5): 605-622
Generation and characterization of fruitless P1 promoter mutant in Drosophila melanogaster
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2021
Megan C. Neville, Alexander Eastwood, Aaron M. Allen, Ammerins de Haan, Tetsuya Nojima, Stephen F. Goodwin
Sex in Drosophila is governed by the sex determination hierarchy (SDH), where the presence of two X chromosomes sets into motion a sex-specific alternative splicing cascade, leading to male and female sexual differentiation (reviewed in Cline & Meyer, 1996). The molecular identification and characterization of fru revealed a complex locus with multiple promoters, some of which were essential for viability in both sexes (reviewed in Billeter, Rideout, Dornan, & Goodwin, 2006a). The most distal promoter, defined as P1, sits approximately 140 Kb upstream of the general coding region. Transcripts from the P1 promoter, undergo sex-specific alternative splicing and encode the male-specific FruM proteins (Billeter et al., 2006b). These putative transcription factors, containing one of three alternative C2H2 zinc-finger DNA binding domains, determine many of the neuronal substrates for sexual behaviour in the male central nervous system (CNS) (Neville et al., 2014; Von Philipsborn et al., 2014).
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma-like lymphadenopathy in mice transgenic for human RHOA with p.Gly17Val mutation
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Gyu Jin Lee, Yukyung Jun, Hae Yong Yoo, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Daekee Lee, Sanghyuk Lee, Jaesang Kim
The plan for this study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Ewha Womans University. The murine Lck distal promoter region from −3037 to +41 was PCR-amplified from pw120 plasmid.15,16 This was ligated to a DNA fragment containing RHOA p.Gly17Val coding sequence with HA epitope at the N-terminus.12 Further details of cloning procedures are available upon request. Pronuclear injection was performed on FVB/NJ mice eggs, and a transgenic line was established based on genotyping results. The oligonucleotide primers used for confirmation of transgenic line and genotyping were 5ʹ-CTCCCTCAGTATGAGTAGAAGC-3ʹ, 5ʹ-CCGTCGTAGTCACCACCTG-3ʹ, and 5ʹ-GCACATACACCTCTGGGAAC-3ʹ.
Promoter haplotypes of the corticotropin-releasing hormone encoding gene modulate the physiological stress response in vitro and in vivo
Published in Stress, 2019
Ting Li-Tempel, Tobias Suer, Tobias Tempel, Mauro F. Larra, Ulrike Winnikes, Hartmut Schächinger, Jobst Meyer, Andrea B. Schote
Three CRH haplotypes constituted of the two SNPs rs5030875 and rs3176921 were investigated in vitro and in vivo regarding their possible influence on stress regulation. In the first part of the study, we characterized the haplotypes in two cell lines with respect to their baseline activity as well as their activation after stimulation with forskolin and hydrocortisone. Haplotype 2 (G-C), which contains the minor alleles of rs5030875 and rs3176921, showed the highest transcriptional activity in both cell lines under baseline conditions and after treatment with forskolin. The stimulation with hydrocortisone alone, however, increased the promoter activity of all three haplotypes in AtT-20 cells but not in U373MG. In our study, we choose hydrocortisone as it can, rather than dexamethasone, activate both types of glucocorticoid receptors. Further, tissue-specific actions of ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptors might take place on the CRH promoter in a cell-type-specific way (King & Nicholson, 2007). In addition and in contrast to other studies, our promoter construct contains not only the proximal 600–900 bp of the CRH promoter but also the distal promoter, which harbors more potential transcription factor binding sites that might indirectly enhance and inhibit the regulation via GCs (Vamvakopoulos & Chrousos, 1993). In the second part, we found that under baseline conditions carriers of haplotype 2 showed an effect on the SAM system, represented by higher blood pressure compared with non-carriers, but did not differ in cortisol levels. After stress exposure, haplotype 2 was associated with different blood pressure indices but again not with any HPA-related measure. In addition, we observed a trend for carriers of haplotype 3 to possess higher post-awakening cortisol compared with non-carriers.