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Not just cousins
Published in Francesco E. Marino, Human Fatigue, 2019
It is thought that the human lineage split from the chimpanzee about 5–7 MYA from what is termed the last common ancestor (LCA). These dates are based on a number of studies using both the fossil evidence (White et al. 2009) and the genetic (Kumar et al. 2005) comparison of primates to humans. This divergence is depicted as a cladogram against the geological timeline where the LCA of Homo sapiens, chimpanzee and gorilla existed (Figure 3.1). The focus of this chapter is not so much what caused the divergence, as this aspect was briefly discussed in Chapter 1; rather it is the outcome that we are most interested in and how this relates to human performance in health and disease. If the current consensus is that endurance was a significant selection pressure (Bramble & Lieberman 2004), it is of significant interest to further understand what benefit endurance might have had for survival. Thus, it is also important to note that part of the journey to bipedality was the drive for nourishment, whereby it is now apparent that meat became a significant part of the hominid diet around 2.6 MYA (Semaw et al. 2003). It follows that in order to obtain meat, early hominins were hunter-gatherers since the projectile weaponry we associate with killing an animal from a distance was not available until about 100,000–71,000 years ago (Marean 2015).
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
A clade is the name given to any group of animals that are suitable for phylogenetic analysis; the hominoid (Latin name: Hominoidea) TAXON—the great apes including humans - is a clade. Cladistics is the method of analysis based upon identification of clades. The value of cladistics is that it permits the history of extinct species, the ancestors of members of the clade, to be derived and some of the characteristics of these extinct species to be inferred. A cladogram is the tree-like representation of the relationships between present and past members of the clade.
Characterization of the oral microbiome of children with type 1 diabetes in the acute and chronic phases
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Xiaoxiao Yuan, Jin Wu, Ruimin Chen, Zhihong Chen, Zhe Su, Jinwen Ni, Miaoying Zhang, Chengjun Sun, Fengwei Zhang, Yefei Liu, Junlin He, Lei Zhang, Feihong Luo, Ruirui Wang
Next, we applied the LEfSe method to analyze specific differences between the compositions of microbiotas and to search for potential biomarkers among these three groups. The cladogram represents significantly different taxa among the three groups according to a hierarchy that reflects the taxonomic rank from phylum to genus (Supplementary Figure S5), which was consistent with the whole oral microbiota structure (Figure 3). Leptotrichia, a health-associated genus; TM7x, which virulently kills host bacteria; and Prevotella, an acetate-producing bacterium; were significantly enriched in the CON group. Potential periodontal pathogens, such as Capnocytophaga and Granulicatella, and genera harboring many opportunistic pathogens, such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Enterobacterales were significantly enriched in the NT1D group. Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, and Eubacterium were found to be significantly enriched in the CT1D group. Thus, these bacteria could be considered hyperglycemia-associated taxa and potential biomarkers for T1D.
Differences in the oral and intestinal microbiotas in pregnant women varying in periodontitis and gestational diabetes mellitus conditions
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Xin Zhang, Pei Wang, Liangkun Ma, Rongjun Guo, Yongjing Zhang, Peng Wang, Jizhi Zhao, Juntao Liu
The cladograms display the differently expressed taxa among the four groups. The circle from inside to outside represents the classification levels from phyla to genera. The diameters of the circles represent relative abundances. At the family level, two oral taxa (Desulfobulbaceae and Mycoplasmataceae) and two intestinal taxa (Atopobiaceae and Peptococcaceae) in the periodontitis group, five oral taxa (unidentified_Flavobacteriales, unidentified_Bacillales, Christensenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae) and three intestinal taxa (Defluviitaleaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Paracaedibacteraceae) in the GDM group, two intestinal taxa (unidentified_Methanobacteriales and Nostocaceae) in the periodontitis + GDM groups, four oral taxa (Saprospiraceae, Microscillaceae, Rhodocyclaceae and Akkermansiaceae) and one intestinal taxa (Desulfobacteraceae) in the healthy control group were significantly enriched (Figure 4 (c) and (d)).
Oral dysbiosis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis is strain-dependent in mice
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Emile Boyer, Patricia Leroyer, Ludivine Malherbe, Shao Bing Fong, Olivier Loréal, Martine Bonnaure Mallet, Vincent Meuric
The taxonomic analysis of the oral microbiota showed differentially abundant taxa when assessed with LEfSe algorithm (Figure 4a). In high taxonomic levels, the samples from controls were found to be enriched in Bacteroidetes and Erysipelotrichia, while samples from TDC60-treated mice had increased abundance of Clostridia and Deltaproteobacteria. Samples from W83-treated mice had increased abundance of Alphaproteobacteria and Oceanospirillales. However, the lineages in the cladogram indicated that these variations were related with significant differences in taxa at the genus-level. These taxa were further filtered and assessed by Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparisons tests (Figure 4b). As in the diversity analyses, significant variations were found between samples from W83-treated mice and the two other groups. Specifically, Alistipes, Barnesiella, Clostridium_XIVa, Desulfovibrio, Oscillibacter, Turicibacter, Lachnospiraceae_Unclassified and Ruminococcaceae_Unclassified were found significantly decreased in W83-treated mice; several of them were almost undetected. On the contrary, Halomonas and Sphingomonas were found significantly increased compared to controls and TDC60 groups.