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A multidisciplinary problem
Published in Olaf Dammann, Etiological Explanations, 2020
A few courageous philosophers and epidemiologists have an ongoing discussion about causality and causal inference in epidemiology.10 Still, we are far from having agreement on what constitutes a cause of illness. For the purpose of the present discussion, I adhere to the epidemiological definition of cause as an antecedent event, condition, or characteristic that was necessary for the occurrence of the disease at the moment it occurred, given that other conditions are fixed. (Rothman et al. 2008c:6)
Study Designs
Published in Abhaya Indrayan, Research Methods for Medical Graduates, 2019
Study of the effect of pre-existing maternal anemia on birthweight of their babies can be done in various ways. To understand these, note first that maternal anemia is an antecedent factor in this example and birthweight is the outcome. An antecedent is a precursor such as an exposure (e.g., sex with a subject with sexually transmitted disease) or a risk factor (e.g., high homocysteine level) suspected to affect the disease. The other names for antecedent are cause, predisposing factor, and determinant.
Chronic Headache Pain
Published in Andrea Kohn Maikovich-Fong, Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain, 2019
RuthAnn R. Lester, Eleanor S. Brammer, Allison Gray
When patients record their observations and experiences of behavioral antecedents and consequences, they increase self-awareness and sense of self-efficacy, and they also empower their providers to tailor individualized treatment plans (Lawrence, Wodarski, & Wodarski, 2002). Patients and providers can use this data to better define the headache experience, specify antecedents, quantify target behaviors, and specify and measure desired outcomes. See Appendix 2 for an example of a headache log. Multiple variations exist and can be selected based on individualized patient need. There are various publicly available logs available online on websites such as the National Headache Foundation (https://headaches.org).
Relationships between predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors and executive functioning following mild traumatic brain injury
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Sabrina Tabet, Simon Tinawi, Lucie C Frenette, Michel Abouassaly, Elaine de Guise
Demographic, previous medical history (antecedents) and accident related characteristics. Demographic information (age, gender, education), medical antecedents (psychological, learning disability, neurological disorder, and attention deficit disorder (ADHD)) and accident-related characteristics (post-accident time to evaluation, PTA, LOC, mechanism of the accident, and presence of cerebral lesion) were collected retrospectively from participants’ medical records. The presence of cerebral lesions (lesion site) was assessed by a neurosurgeon blinded to the neuropsychological test results. The neurosurgeon read the computed-tomography (CT scan) imaging (brain CT scan) that had been carried out during the emergency room visit based on the criteria of the Canadian CT Head Rules (38). Regarding the distribution between uncomplicated and complicated MTBI, a total of 94 patients were diagnosed with uncomplicated MTBI and 15 were diagnosed with complicated MTBI. A total of 62 patients did not undergo a CT scan. The absence of a CT scan in this group is not surprising since the Canadian CT head rule is used in the emergency department (38). Thus, if there are not sufficient evidentiary signs, according to this rule, there is no need for brain imaging. This data was also collected retrospectively.
Occupational identity in occupational therapy: A concept analysis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2022
Sandra Ocasio Hansson, Anita Björklund Carlstedt, Anne-Le Morville
Walker and Avant’s method is an acknowledged approach offering a clearly outlined procedure that facilitates a ‘careful examination and description of a word or term’ [23, p. 158]. Walker and Avant’s [23] eight-step method involves the iterative completion of the following:Selecting a concept.Determining the aim or purpose of analysis.Identifying all forms of concept usage.Determining the concept’s defining attributes.Identifying a model case.Identifying additional cases.Identifying antecedents and consequences.Defining empirical referents.
Antecedents of high-risk situations for relapse in women with opioid use disorder: A qualitative study
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2022
Zahra Mohaddes Hakkak, Shahriar Shahidi, Mahmood Heidari, Saeed Imani, Shahrbanoo Ghahari
The predisposition of women with opioid use to high-risk situations enhances the likelihood of relapse. It is recommended to include the antecedents of such situations derived from this study into the treatment programs to prevent occurrence of high-risk situations and relapse prevention. For example, these findings can be used to develop a checklist of the antecedents of high-risk situations that lead to relapse. Therefore, it is recommended to assess these important factors to prevent exposure to high-risk situations. Finding the cause of the pain and suitable medication should be considered in treating individuals who suffer from chronic pain. In addition, training for required craving management skills should be provided to those with an inability to control their temptation so as to enable them to adopt appropriate coping strategies. Since negative thoughts are regarded as a risk factor, the adoption of cognitive reconstruction and correction strategies is highly recommended.