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Genetic Limitations to Athletic Performance
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Physiologically, V̇O2 max is largely determined by the capacity of the heart and oxygen transport/delivery systems (73), as well as the muscles' ability to perform aerobic respiration. However, many studies have used relatively small samples or have used differing training protocols, leading to results that are often irreproducible (73). Two of the most robustly reproduced genes associated with sporting performance are angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3), both with a link to endurance performance.
The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism interacts with fear of falling in relation to stepping speed in community-dwelling older adults
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Allon Goldberg, Joseph F. Sucic, Susan Ann Talley
Although the ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with measures of physical performance in older adults (Buford et al., 2014; Keogh, Palmer, Taylor, and Kilding, 2015; Yoshihara et al., 2009) the relationship between the polymorphism and stepping performance is under-studied in older adults. We have recently shown that the ACE I/D polymorphism interacts with hip flexor and ankle dorsi-flexor strength in relation to tests of stepping (SET and FSST) in older adults (Shuler, Sucic, Talley, and Goldberg, 2019) suggesting that the ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with rapid stepping through interactions with lower extremity strength. A genetic polymorphism in the alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene is associated with falls (Frattini et al., 2016; Judson et al., 2011), and twin studies show that genetic factors are associated with balance (Pajala et al., 2004) in older adults. Furthermore, genetic factors are associated with various lower extremity performance tests in older adults. These include: chair stands (C-reactive protein [CRP], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) (Liu et al., 2017); dynamic balance (ACE, ACTN3, and CRP) (Keogh, Palmer, Taylor, and Kilding, 2015; Liu et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2018); walking speed (CRP, ACE, and ACTN3) (Liu et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2018; Yoshihara et al., 2009); and leg press strength (TNF-α) (Liu et al., 2017). Despite the association of genes with falls, balance, and lower extremity functioning in older adults, studies examining relationships between either FOF or balance confidence, and stepping performance in older adults, typically do not explore a role for the ACE I/D polymorphism in these relationships (Cho, Scarpace, and Alexander, 2004; Goldberg, 2012; Medell and Alexander, 2000; Schepens, Goldberg, and Wallace, 2010). To the best of our knowledge, interaction effects of the ACE I/D polymorphism with FOF in relation to stepping performance have not been investigated in older adults. In this study, we attempted to answer 2 research questions: 1) Does the relationship between FOF and stepping performance vary among ACE genotype subgroups in older adults? Uncovering relationships between FOF and stepping performance that vary among the ACE genotype subgroups would be consistent with a role for the ACE I/D polymorphism in modifying the relationship between FOF and stepping performance. Uncovering such relationships would also lead to future studies that explore whether interventions that reduce FOF in older adults with a particular ACE genotype improve stepping performance, while potentially identifying a subgroup of individuals defined by ACE genotype, whose stepping performance is likely to improve the most from interventions that reduce FOF and 2) Are relationships between ACE genotypes and stepping performance different in older adults with, versus without FOF? Uncovering relationships between ACE genotype subgroups and stepping that differ in older adults with, versus without FOF may identify a subgroup of individuals at risk for poor stepping performance based on ACE genotype and FOF status.