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Overview of the Adoption Studies
Published in Claude Bouchard, The Genetics of Obesity, 2020
Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Albert J. Stunkard
Adoption studies that include both biological parents and biological siblings of the adoptee allow a distinction between the two effects. If the only genetic effects on obesity were additive ones, the correlation between adoptees and their biological parents should be similar to the correlation between adoptees and their biological full siblings and double the correlation between the adoptees and their biological half siblings. The Danish study is the only one that includes these biological relationships.23,26,27 It showed the pattern found in natural families, suggesting the presence of nonadditivity and major gene effects.25 The comprehensive model analysis, however, does not support such effects,24,30 although there is some evidence to support the existence of major single gene effects (see 7).
Misconceptions, Experimental Design, and Behavioral Genetics
Published in Gail S. Anderson, Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
Adoption studies separate the genetic and environmental influences on behavior more completely by comparing an adopted child’s behavior with the behaviors of the biological parents and siblings and those of the adoptive family. Many countries, particularly those of northern Europe, keep very thorough registries that record everything about a person—not just birth, death, and marriage but also health, therapeutic drug use, drug and alcohol abuse, adoption, criminal record, criminal arrests, and much more. Each record can be searched, as each individual has a unique identifier number and can be traced through multiple registries. Although this does raise concerns about privacy, the registries are a treasure trove for researchers, as adoption, time of adoption, length of time in biological home, length of time in adopted home, schooling, antisocial behavior, arrest, and criminal record can be determined for all adoptees, as well as their biological and adoptive families.
Psychiatry
Published in Shibley Rahman, Avinash Sharma, A Complete MRCP(UK) Parts 1 and 2 Written Examination Revision Guide, 2018
Shibley Rahman, Avinash Sharma
adoption studies: sons of alcoholics are four times more likely to be alcoholic than sons of non-alcoholics, regardless of the drinking patterns of adoptive parentssons of alcoholics raised by non-alcoholic adoptive parents are no more susceptible to other non-alcoholic adult psychiatric disorder
Psychosis susceptibility zinc finger protein 804A (ZNF804A) gene polymorphism in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine in North Indian population
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Sayantika Maity, Murali Munisamy, Rajesh Sagar, Nayanabhirama Udupa, Venkata Puluturu Shilpa, Vivekanandhan Subbiah
ZNF804A is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) [1]. The ZNF804A gene is located on chromosome 2q32.1 and consists of four exons and three introns spanning 341 kb [2]. It is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by perceptual abnormalities including hallucinations and delusions, conceptual disorganization, cognitive impairment, and often the presence of negative symptoms such as alogia, affective flattening and avolition [3]. The life time prevalence is about 1%, which is similarly common in both men and women. Peak ages of onset ranges from 15 to 25 for men and 25 to 35 for women [4]. Schizophrenia occurs throughout the world and causing significant global burden. The prevalence of schizophrenia (i.e. the number of cases in a population at any one-time point) approaches 1% internationally. The incidence (the number of new cases annually) is about 1.5 per 10,000 people [5]. The prevalence of schizophrenia in India is 3/1000 [6]. The annual incidence rates was reported to be 4.4 and 3.8 per 10,000 for rural and urban areas, respectively [6]. Schizophrenia is also popularly referred as ‘Cancer of mental illness’ because of its high morbidity and mortality [7]. The hypothesis that schizophrenia is an inherited disorder was supported by current research findings [8] although environmental factors are equally relevant. Family, twin and adoption studies have shown a strong genetic component in schizophrenia with heritability estimation of about 80% [9].
14-3-3 proteins at the crossroads of neurodevelopment and schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
André S. L. M. Antunes, Verônica M. Saia-Cereda, Fernanda Crunfli, Daniel Martins-de-Souza
It is now known that a combination of environmental (e.g. viral exposure, nutritional deficiencies, obstetric complications and substance abuse) and genetic factors play a role in the aetiology of schizophrenia (Schultz and Andreasen 1999; Kato et al. 2002). Evidence from family, twin and adoption studies indicates that the risk of developing schizophrenia increases with increasing proximity of genetic relatives who present the disorder, reaching up to 50% risk when both parents are affected (McGuffin et al. 1995). Over the past decades, linkage and association studies have brought to light the non-Mendelian mode of inheritance of schizophrenia and genome wide association studies (GWAS) have significantly contributed to the current understanding of its polygenic architecture in which several genes contribute collectively to the susceptibility of developing schizophrenia (Foley et al. 2017).
Perceived Stress and Sleep Quality in Midlife and Later: Controlling for Genetic and Environmental Influences
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2020
Yueqin Hu, Marieke Visser, Sierra Kaiser
In addition to these hypotheses, given the possible heritability of perceived stress and sleep quality, we will also analyze the influence of additive genetics, shared environment and individual-specific environment in the stress–sleep relationship. Behavior genetics by means of twin, family and adoption studies can help decipher the relative contribution of genetic and environmental variability in behavioral traits (Moore et al., 2011). This study will employ the methods of behavior genetics, and use the ACE model (Boomsma, Busjahn, & Peltonen, 2002; Falconer, 1960; Neale & Cardon, 1992) on monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins to separate the contribution of genes, shared environment, and individual-specific environment. Then, for variables that are largely influenced by genes and shared environment, we will use the co-twin design (CTC, e.g, Burt et al., 2010; McGue, Osler, & Christensen, 2010) to control for any genetic and familial confounds.