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Low Back Pain
Published in Benjamin Apichai, Chinese Medicine for Lower Body Pain, 2021
Prolonged sitting in an awkward posture, such as office jobs that involve using computers or long-distance driving, may increase the risk of sciatica. The intervertebral discs can become stuck, and blood supply can become poor, so that the bones and discs of the spine start to degenerate.
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration and Protection by Antioxidants
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Neurodegeneration refers to the disease condition in which certain neuronal groups in the brain and spinal cord, such as neurons related to cognitive functions and cells related to motor functions, lose their structure and function and gradually die. Unfortunately, the root cause of this is not yet known mainly because the type of neuron cells that degenerate depends on the disease type. These types can be divided broadly into the following categories: Disease syndromes that prevent fine motor movements: PD and Parkinsonian syndrome (multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, etc.)Disease syndromes that make it difficult to maintain the balance of the body: Spinocerebellar degeneration, some spastic paraplegia, etc.Disease syndromes that decrease muscle strength: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc.Disease syndromes that decrease cognitive ability: AD, Lewy body dementia, basal ganglia degeneration, etc.
Cells and Organs of the Immune System
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
The medulla contains only 3–5% of the total number of thymic lymphocytes. The most distinctive histological feature of the thymic medulla are Hassal’s corpuscles. These structures are large (often > 100 μ) aggregates of concentrically arrayed epithelial cells (Type 6) which stain bright pink with eosin. The cells in the center of these bodies often degenerate. Hassal’s corpuscles may be sites and/or products of the death and degradation of thymic lymphocytes. Mature thymocytes enter the circulation through the walls of postcapillary venules at the boundary between cortex and medulla.
Epidemiological Assessment of Oral Cancer Burden in Pakistan
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Naila Malkani, Sara Kazmi, Muhammad Usman Rashid
Tea includes black tea and green tea, and both have diverse effects. Green tea is an important source of polyphenol antioxidants, including epigallocatechin gallate. There is growing evidence of its beneficial role against oral inflammation (57). Green tea generally defends healthy cells from malignant transformation and induces local apoptosis in oral cancer cells (58). Tea can reduce oral cancer risk in non-smokers. However, its effect is masked among smokers or alcohol drinkers (59). Black tea and its polyphenols may benefit human oral health by inhibiting dental plaque, acidity, and cariogenic microflora. It can degenerate the tumor directly by preventing tumor angiogenesis, hindering metastasis, and prompting apoptosis in cancerous cells (60). The temperature of the tea seems significant in deciding its potential as an oral cancer risk factor. Drinking hot black tea may significantly increase the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (more than 2–8 folds) than drinking warm tea (56). A Pakistani oral cancer case-control study showed that patients were having significantly more cups per day of tea consumption than controls and suggested an association between tea drinking habits and the development of oral cancer (61).
The carotid body and associated tumors: updated review with clinical/surgical significance
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Nasir Butt, Woong Kee Baek, Stefan Lachkar, Joe Iwanaga, Asma Mian, Christa Blaak, Sameer Shah, Christoph Griessenauer, R. Shane Tubbs, Marios Loukas
The carotid bodies are the largest paraganglia of the head and neck. ‘Paraganglia’ denotes extra-suprarenal gland aggregations of chromaffin tissue. Chromaffin cells are embryologically derived from neuro-ectoderm and are innervated by pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers, and secrete catecholamines.9 The term ‘paraganglion system’ was coined to denote these extra-suprarenal gland sites. This system is vital for fetal development until the formation of the suprarenal medulla, which eventually takes over the catecholamine production.10 After birth, most of these cells degenerate except those populated along the autonomic nervous system and in the walls of some organs. Paraganglia typically consist of two types of cells based on their histological characteristics: type I are granule containing cells and type II are satellite cells. The granules of type I cells are filled with catecholamines and tryptophan-rich proteins. The main anatomical sites of paraganglia along the autonomic nervous system are the carotid, aortic-pulmonary, para-aortic, and coccygeal bodies.
Understanding left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction: pathomorphologic findings and prognostic impact of neuromuscular comorbidities
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2019
Claudia Stöllberger, Josef Finsterer
The cause of endocardial and subendocardial fibrosis in LVHT is unknown, but several hypotheses have been raised. The most commonly mentioned explanation assumes that it is due to chronic ischemia, which may result from hypertrophy or insufficient vascular supply of the trabeculations. In this case, subendocardial fibrosis may result from chronic ischemia of the inner myocardial layer. Ischemia in LVHT despite normal epicardial coronary arteries has been found by scintigraphy showing subendocardial and transmural perfusion defects, possibly indicating microvascular dysfunction [130,131]. Another cause could be the abnormal pressure conditions within the intertrabecular spaces. Abnormally increased focal intraventricular pressure may cause reactive proliferation of fibrocytes within the trabeculations. A third explanation could be immaturity of endocardial cells or subendocardial cells resulting in their degeneration and transformation into fibrocytes. Immature cells may be unable to meet all their necessary tasks when they degenerate. A fourth explanation could be previous endocarditis for which, however, there is no evidence in LVHT. Furthermore, it is unknown if endocardial and subendocardial fibrosis in LVHT is an aging phenomenon or if it develops due to immunologic reactions. Endocardial and subendocardial fibrosis may lead to diastolic dysfunction, restrictive filling pattern of the left ventricle and consecutive heart failure.