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Successful Healthcare Delivery Systems Around the World:
Published in Miner Gary, Miner Linda, Dean Darrell, Healthcare’s Out Sick – Predicting A Cure – Solutions That Work !!!!, 2019
Miner Gary, Miner Linda, Dean Darrell
In terms of expenditures, HealthTracker.org (Kamal and Cox, 12-20-17) provided data on our increases in spending. (https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-spending-healthcare-changed-time/#item-total-health-expenditures-increased-substantially-past-several-decades_2017)
Police surgeon (forensic medical examiner) work
Published in Frank McKenna, David Pickersgill, The GP’s Guide to Professional and Private Work Outside the NHS, 2018
Therefore, many doctors who may be interested are dissuaded. More enlightened practices have an arrangement whereby the availability fees and day-time item of service fees are paid into the practice, but night-time fees are kept by the individual doctor and not put into the practice pool. If several partners in a practice are all doing police work, it makes sense that all earnings are paid into the common pool. With larger practices doing the work, this system is satisfactory from the partnership point of view but not good for the police, as the forensic work is diluted, with possibly no one doctor getting enough forensic experience. It often happens in such set-ups that when a serious forensic case occurs, the junior partner (or even the trainee) is on duty for the practice rota and, by custom, also on duty for the police. Many forces, even those with difficulty in recruiting police surgeons, do not like paying an availability fee (previously known as a retainer fee) to a practice, but would rather stipulate a named doctor and a named deputy. This is the basis of the national agreement negotiated by the BMA with the local authorities. The Association of Police Surgeons (APS) also supports this view, as it should mean that the police are able to call a forensically trained doctor when necessary.
Tests
Published in Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison, Research Methods in Education, 2017
Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison
Further, the selection of the items needs to be considered in order to have the highest reliability. Let us say that we have ten items that measure students’ negative examination stress. Each item is intended to measure stress, for example: Item 1 Loss of sleep at examination time;Item 2 Anxiety at examination time;Item 3 Irritability at examination time;Item 4 Depression at examination time;Item 5 Tearfulness at examination time;Item 6 Unwillingness to do household chores at examination time;Item 7 Mood swings at examination time;Item 8 Increased consumption of coffee at examination time;Item 9 Positive attitude and cheerfulness at examination time;Item 10 Eager anticipation of the examination. You run a reliability test (see Chapter 40) of internal consistency and find strong inter-correlations between items 1–5 (e.g. around 0.85), negative correlations between items 9 and 10 and all the other items (e.g. –0.79), and a very low inter-correlation between items 6 and 8 and all the others (e.g. 0.26). Item-to-total correlations (one kind of item analysis in which the item in question is correlated with the sum of the other items) vary here. What do you do? You can retain items 1–5. For items 9 and 10 you can reverse the scoring (as these items looked at positive rather than negative aspects), and for items 6 and 8 you can consider excluding them from the test, as they appear to be measuring something else. Such item analysis is designed to include items that measure the same construct and to exclude items that do not. We refer readers to Howitt and Cramer (2005, chapter 12) for further discussion of this.
Developmental Effects of Screen Time on Gender Diverse Student’s Experiences of Bullying Victimization
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2023
Sean Weeks, E. Tish Hicks, Demi Culianos, Tyler L. Renshaw
The Physical Health and Safety subscale collected data on vehicle use, physical health habits, screen time, device use, and physical activity. For this study, only the items related to screen time were used. Students responded to the following item assessing overall screen time, “On an average school day, how many hours do you use an electronic device for something that is not schoolwork? (Count time spent on things such as Xbox, PlayStation, texting, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, or other social media.),” followed by electronics-based questions specific to communication, social media, and video games. Participants responded on a scale from 1 (less than 1 hour per day) to 6 (5 or more hours per day) on the overall screen time item, and from 1 (multiple times per day) to 5 (never) for the specific use items. Responses to the overall screen time item was used as the moderating variable in the current study.
Participant evaluation of a behavioral intervention targeting reduction of sedentary behavior in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a mixed methods study
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Tanja Thomsen, Mette Aadahl, Maria R. Aabo, Nina Beyer, Merete L. Hetland
Responses from the questionnaires indicated that the intervention had had an additional impact on the knowledge and behavior of the participants’ family, friends and colleagues. As such, 63 (91%) of the questionnaire participants reported that family members gained knowledge about the health consequences of too much sitting due to the participant’s involvement in the study (item 1 in the questionnaire), and 56 (82%) reported that this applied to friends as well (item 5 in the questionnaire) (Figure 7). Of the 32 working participants, 24 (75%) reported that their colleagues had also gained knowledge of the benefits of reducing daily sitting time (item 3 in the questionnaire). Consequently, 34 (50%) of the participants believed that either members of their family and/or friends spent less of their daily time sedentarily (items 2, 4 and 6 in the questionnaire).
Pathways from College Students’ Cognitive Scripts for Consensual Sex to Sexual Victimization: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2021
Measurement invariance for the script and behavior items conceptualized of indicators as latent constructs was tested following the standard procedure as outlined, for example, by Van de Schoot et al. (2012). First, a measurement model was estimated for each construct in which the factor loadings were freely estimated across the three data waves. To account for item-level correlations over time, item-specific measurement factors were added to the models based on the inspection of the modification indices (9 items for risky sexual scripts; 3 items for risky sexual behavior). Moreover, inter-item correlations within data waves were allowed based on the modification indices (7 items for sexual scripts; 3 items for sexual behavior). Second, this unconstrained model was compared to a model in which both the factor loadings and intercepts were constrained to be equal across time, representing the assumption of strong measurement invariance. Following Cheung and Rensvold (2002), a reduction in CFI of ≤ .01 was used as an indicator of invariance.