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Translation
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Remarkably, the recognition of the RNA encapsidation signal by the yeast L-A double-stranded RNA virus demonstrated clear analogies with the MS2 complex I (Fujimura and Esteban 2000). Thus, the L-A encapsidation signal contained a 24-nucleotide stem-loop structure with a 5-nucleotide loop and an A bulged at the 5′ side of the stem. Interestingly, the MS2 coat recognized and promoted the catalytic activity of Candida group I ribozyme (Xie et al. 2009).
Trichomonas Vaginalis Vaginitis
Published in William J. Ledger, Steven S. Witkin, Vulvovaginal Infections, 2017
William J. Ledger, Steven S. Witkin
Most TV1 isolates, and infrequently TV2 isolates, contain a double-stranded RNA virus (TVV) belonging to the Totivirida family.10 Four different TVV species have been identified. TVV-containing T. vaginalis appears to exhibit enhanced virulence.9 TVV is released upon lysis of T. vaginalis and is a potent activator of pro-inflammatory immunity (see Immunology section). Evidence is lacking that released TVV can infect new T. vaginalis parasites that are present in the vagina. It is believed that the virus is vertically transmitted when the parasite undergoes mitosis.9
The promise of oncolytic viral therapy for the treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies
Published in Wim P. Ceelen, Edward A. Levine, Intraperitoneal Cancer Therapy, 2015
John H. Stewart, Lauren Gillory
This double-stranded RNA virus is a member of the Reoviridae [77]. The genome of this oncolytic virus is comprised of 10 segments, and it is therefore difficult to generate recombinant versions of this virus that can be modified with attachment proteins or therapeutic genes [78]. Preclinical work has shown that cellular events favoring reovirus-mediated apoptosis include downregulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) through elevation of β-catenin expression in HEK293 and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines as well as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis [79,80]. Additional studies have reported that reovirus activates human dendritic cells to promote innate antitumor immunity [81]. Current work is focused on clinical trials of reovirus against a variety of histologies including colorectal cancer [82].
Oncolytic virus therapy for malignant gliomas: entering the new era
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Hirotaka Fudaba, Hiroaki Wakimoto
Poliovirus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the Piconaviridae family. CD155, a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the nectin-like family, serves as the cellular receptor for poliovirus. Reovirus is a double-stranded RNA virus of the Reoviridae family. Reolysin is a Dearing type 3 strain virus, which replicates in Ras mutant cells. Measles virus (MV) is a single-stranded, a negative-sense RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family. MV-CEA is an attenuated strain of measles virus (MV), derived from the Edmonston vaccine lineage, genetically engineered to produce carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which has demonstrated efficacy against GBM in preclinical studies [8–10]. Newcastle disease virus, a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, was previously studied clinically in GBM, sarcoma, and neuroblastoma, but no clinical trial has been active since 2015.
Oncolytic viruses: how “lytic” must they be for therapeutic efficacy?
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Maria Eugenia Davola, Karen Louise Mossman
Reovirus is a naturally occurring, non-pathogenic double-stranded RNA virus, with selective toxicity toward cells with an activated Ras pathway.67,68 Reovirus is under investigation in phase I and II clinical trials and is considered a potential candidate for phase III trials.69 Although viral life cycles of RNA viruses differ significantly with those of DNA viruses, antitumor activity of reovirus type 3 in vivo was also independent of virus replication in a B16 murine melanoma model.70In vitro, mouse melanoma cells were resistant to direct oncolysis and failed to support reovirus replication. Limited reovirus replication was also observed in vivo. However, reovirus was able to induce an antitumor immune response and purged lymph node and splenic metastasis in immunocompetent mice, while it failed to reduce tumor burden in immunodeficient mice. Using human cells in vitro, Prestwich et al. also showed that direct reovirus oncolysis is not required to prime antitumor immunity, with UV-inactivated reovirus being similarly immunogenic, suggesting that only the initial stages of reovirus infection play an essential role in antitumor immunity activation (Figure 2).70