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Zika: An Ancient Virus Incipient into New Spaces
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Bennet Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang, Surender Singh Yadav, Annette Angel, Vinod Joshi
In 1947, a group of researchers found that fever developed in a caged rhesus macaque in the Zika forest (Zika means “overgrown” in the Luganda language), near the East African Virus Research Institute in Entebbe, Uganda. The researchers isolated from the serum of the monkey a transmissible agent that was first described as Zika virus (ZIKV) in 1952. It was subsequently isolated from a human in Nigeria in 1954. From its discovery until 2007, confirmed cases of ZIKV infection from Africa and South East Asia were rare. In 2007, however, a major epidemic occurred in Yap Island, Micronesia. More recently, epidemics have occurred in Polynesia, Easter Island, the Cook Islands, and New Caledonia (Dick et al., 1952; Kindhauser et al., 2016; Macnamara, 1954).
Viral disease and assisted reproduction technology
Published in David K. Gardner, Ariel Weissman, Colin M. Howles, Zeev Shoham, Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, 2017
Carole Gilling-Smith, Pietro Vernazza
Zika virus is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that was first identified and isolated from mosquitos from the Zika forest in Uganda. The virus has spread rapidly and is now prevalent in South America, Central America, the Caribbean, the Pacific Islands, Singapore, and Thailand. The main form of viral transmission is by mosquitos. The incubation period for the virus is up to two weeks, and symptoms are only seen in 20% of those infected. These include fever, myalgia, conjunctivitis, and rash. From the perspective of those wishing to conceive, Zika infection can lead to congenital Zika syndrome, which consists of multiple developmental issues including microcephaly and fetal loss. It can also be associated with Guillain– Barré syndrome (104). Currently, no vaccine or treatment exists to prevent Zika virus syndrome.
Viruses
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
Zika virus is a vector-borne pathogen that has recently become a global health concern due to its rapid spread and association with neurological disorders. The Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 in a captive Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in the Zika forest of Uganda (Dick et al. 1952). The monkey (of Asian origin) was being used as a sentinel to detect yellow fever in the area and was housed in an outdoor cage. After the monkey became febrile, the Zika virus was identified and also detected in local Ae. africanus mosquitoes. Subsequently, in the 1950s and early 1960s, the virus was detected sporadically in human cases from in Africa (Uganda, the former Tanganyika, Egypt, and Nigeria), Southeast Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia), and India (Petersen et al. 2016). From the 1950s until 2007, only 13 human cases were reported, all presenting with a relatively mild, febrile illness (Petersen et al. 2016).
Prenatal and Postnatal Zika Intrauterine Infection: Diagnostic Imaging Techniques and Placental Pathology
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Pedro Teixeira Castro, Heron Werner, Edward Araujo Júnior, Maria Paola Bonasoni, Gabriele Tonni
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) in the Flavivirus genus and Flaviviridae family. It was first isolated in 1947, in the Zika forest in Uganda, during a routine surveillance for Yellow-fever virus and found in a sentinel rhesus monkey [1]. The virus has a sylvatic cycle in Africa, between nonhuman primates and mosquitoes. In other countries, the ZIKV has adapted to humans as reservoir, changing to the human-mosquito-human cycle. During the first months of 2015, ZIKV emerged in the Americas, and in November 2015, the uncommon diagnosis of 646 cases of microcephaly among fetuses and newborns in Pernambuco state (Northeastern Brazil) raised concern for a possible association between ZIKV and fetal microcephaly [2,3]. Fetal exposure to the ZIKV has potential teratogenic effect, with wide clinical manifestations, denominated as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) [4].
Can in utero Zika virus exposure be a risk factor for schizophrenia in the offspring?
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Johnathan Pierson, Rajashekar Reddy Yeruva, Rif S. El-Mallakh
The Zika virus was first described in 1947 in Uganda’s Zika forest and in Southeast Asia during a serological study of the yellow fever virus (Dick et al. 1952). Recently, the first New World outbreak of the virus occurred in South America and spread to Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and the southern United States (Mittal et al. 2017; World Health Organization 2015a, 2016b). The introduction of the virus into an environment in which none of the human hosts had previous exposure resulted in more severe presentations. In the original endemic areas, Zika infections were either asymptomatic or produced mild flu-like symptoms, rash, fever, arthralgias and conjunctivitis. However, the New World outbreaks of 2013 and 2015 were associated with a high incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome and newborns presenting with neural abnormalities, microcephaly and foetal death (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 2014; World Health Organization 2015b, 2016a).
Zika Virus and the Eye
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Rupesh Agrawal, Hnin Hnin Oo, Praveen Kumar Balne, Lisa Ng, Louis Tong, Yee Sin Leo
ZIKV is an RNA virus and a member of flavivirus. Its closest relatives include Ilheus, Rocio and St. Louis encephalitis viruses, which share the same prototype as yellow fever virus, dengue, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses. It is transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes in both urban and wild areas.6 Aedes aegypti (typically found in the tropics and subtropics) and Aedes albopictus (native to Europe, particularly Mediterranean countries) are the most common vectors. In Yap Island outbreak, Aedes hensilii was the prominent vector, while in French Polynesia, Aedes polynesiensis was suspected to be the vector. Aside from humans, non-human primates have been proven to be non-human hosts of ZIKV. ZIKV shares similar traits and life cycle as Dengue Virus (DENV) in urban environments, utilizing mosquitoes as vectors and humans as hosts for viral propagation. With ZIKV proliferation, it is possible that other known mosquito-borne diseases like yellow fever, chikungunya, dengue, epidemic polyarthritis and new viruses might rise in numbers.4 it was reported from a study done in the Zika Forest that prior infection with ZIKV does not prevent the transmission of yellow fever virus.7 Though not widely studied, it is believed that ZIKV replicates in dendritic cells at the site of bite before spreading lymphatically and hematologically. Unlike usual flavivirus replication in the cytoplasm, ZIKV was found in the infected cell nuclei. The presence of ZIKV in the blood can be detected as early as the disease onset. Viral nuclei acid can be detected as late as 11 days after the onset.8