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Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Their Activities
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari, Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Fish Wastes, 2022
Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari
Antibacterial activity: The skin mucus extracts of both males and females this species showed activity against Streptococcus iniae, Yersinia ruckeri, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli (Adel et al., 2018). The values of inhibition zone diameter and MIC recorded for the different bacterial strains are given in the following table:
Antibacterial Activity of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
Cortés et al. (2014) evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Ceramium virgatum (formerly Ceramium rubrum) from Chile on the bacteria Yersinia ruckeri and the oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica, causing enteric red mouth disease and saprolegniasis, respectively. The ethanol and dichloromethane extracts were effective against S. parasitica using the agar dilution method, and MIC values were determined by the broth dilution method. The whole extract was more active than the individual components, suggesting a synergistic effect among the components.
Interactive associations between fish hosts and monogeneans
Published in G. F. Wiegertjes, G. Flik, Host-Parasite Interactions, 2004
Kurt Buchmann, Thomas Lindenstrøm, Jose Bresciani
It has been suggested that some of the factors responsible for host protection against monogeneans are non-specific. Responses against Gyrodactylus in guppies protect to the same degree against other species in the same genus (Richards and Chubb, 1996). The response activated in trout against G. derjavini did confer a relative protection of the host towards the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Buchmann et al., 1999). Trout infected by live anisakid nematodes eliminated G. derjavini clearly better than controls (Larsen et al., 2002). However, rainbow trout vaccinated and protected against the bacterium Yersinia ruckeri did not cope with G. derjavini better than controls when exposed 3, 4 and 5 months post vaccination (Buchmann et al., 2003). This suggests that the factors in the innate immune system, such as lectins, pattern recognition receptors, complement and phagocytes (often considered non-specific players) do show some specificity.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition of enrofloxacin in rainbow trout after different routes of administration
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Natalia Urzúa, María Jimena Messina, Guillermo Prieto, Carlos Lüders, Carlos Errecalde
Currently, rainbow trout production occupies an important place in freshwater fish farming practices around the world (Galezan et al., 2020; Terzi et al., 2020); In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), bacterial diseases have a great impact in economics and animal health. The major bacteria associated with fish diseases are the Gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Pseudomonas spp. and the Gram-positive Lactococcus Garvieae, Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. (Corum et al., 2018; Quesada et al., 2013; Samuelsen, 2006; Sekkin & Kum, 2011).
Repeated vaccination and ‘vaccine exhaustion’: relevance to the COVID-19 crisis
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Md Anwarul Azim Majumder, Mohammed S. Razzaque
Additionally, declining protection from repeated vaccination may be related to viral mutations [20]. Vaccination against the hepatitis B virus, which has significantly reduced the hepatic disease burden (e.g. cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma) [21], was developed to act against viral envelope proteins (as anti-HBsAg), thus providing broad-spectrum protection against all hepatitis B virus genotypes (from A to H). However, viral mutations affecting the amino acids in envelope proteins also resulted in a reduced vaccine effectiveness [22,23]. Reduced vaccine efficacy due to pathogen evolution is also documented with animal vaccines. For Marek’s disease, a common and highly contagious viral (Gallid herpesvirus 2) neoplastic disease of poultry, the effectiveness of the earlier generation of vaccine was impaired due to viral evolution [24]. Vaccine resistance was documented against the bacteria Yersinia ruckeri, which is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease in farmed salmonids [25]; the fish vaccine resistance was attributed to a single mutational event leading to loss of flagellar motility in Yersinia ruckeri [26]. Rhinotracheitis in Turkey and other poultry is caused by Avian metapneumovirus. However, outbreaks of rhinotracheitis among the vaccinated Turkey were reported in various parts of the world [27,28]. Again, vaccine resistance was linked to the pathogen evolution that resulted in variation in the surface glycoprotein of the virus [29]. Microbial recombination events in Streptococcus pneumoniae reduced protection for patients who received the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [30,31]. A similar vaccine-induced microbial evolution was also observed with Bordetella pertussis, a causative microorganism for whooping cough [32].