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Host Defense and Parasite Evasion
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Trypanosoma evansi, the trypanosome responsible for the disease surra (also known as murina in South America) in domestic animals, on the other hand, makes use of a different strategy. By adhering to host erythrocytes, its surface antigens are effectively covered and consequently unavailable for immune recognition. This phenomenon has been described as an alternative to the antigenic variation observed in African trypanosomes. Another means of camouflage is for the parasite to simply adsorb host proteins to its surface. T. vaginalis employs this trick, but the real champions of appropriating host molecules are certainly the schistosomes. These trematodes, seemingly so vulnerable to immune surveillance in the circulatory system, avoid detection by disguising themselves with host blood-group antigens, clotting inhibitory factors, low-density lipoproteins and other molecules that adhere to their tegument. The ability of schistosomes to disguise themselves so effectively is considered to be a major hurdle in the development of an effective anti-schistosome vaccine, a topic we will return to in Chapter 9.
Natural Products from the Amazon Region as Potential Antimicrobials
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Josiane E. A. Silva, Iasmin L. D. Paranatinga, Elaine C. P. Oliveira, Silvia K. S. Escher, Ananda S. Antonio, Leandro S. Nascimento, Patricia P. Orlandi, Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior
Aniba canelilla was one of the first species discovered in the Amazon region, when Spanish explorers sought to find Eldorado and valuable spices, especially cinnamon. With an aroma similar to real cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), the EO of Aniba canelilla also contains cinnamaldehyde, but its main constituents are methyleugenol and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane, which was the first natural substance with the nitro group to be described in literature. The EO obtained from the wood of the A. canelilla tree showed a strong trypanocidal effect against Trypanosoma evansi in vitro at 0.5 to 2% concentrations (Giongo et al. 2017). Leishmanicidal (40 mg/mL) and antifungal (2 mg/mL to Candida albicans) activities were also observed for the EO obtained from the leaves of this species (Souza-Junior et al. 2020).
Trypanosoma evansi
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2015
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Morphologically indistinguishable from Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma evansi causes disease (called “surra” in Asia and “murrina” in South America) in many wild and domestic animals, including horses, camels, elephants, and dogs.
Metal nanoparticles restrict the growth of protozoan parasites
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi, Nthatisi Innocentia Molefe, Oluwakemi Josephine Awakan, Charles Obiora Nwonuma, Omokolade Oluwaseyi Alejolowo, Tomilola Olaolu, Rotdelmwa Filibus Maimako, Keisuke Suganuma, Yongmei Han, Kentaro Kato
Parasite culture conditions were as previously reported [8]. Briefly, Trypanosoma congolense IL3000, a savannah-type strain isolated near the Kenya/Tanzania border in 1966, Trypanosoma evansi Tansui and T. b. brucei GUTat 3.1 were maintained in the bloodstream form (BSF) in HMI-9 medium [30] and propagated at 33 °C (T. congolense) and 37 °C (T. evansi and T. b. brucei) in the air. The culture medium included Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium (Sigma-Aldrich Japan, Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 20% foetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA), 60 mM HEPES (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), 1 mM pyruvic acid sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), 0.1 mM bathocuproine (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO), 1 mM hypoxanthine, 16 μM thymidine (HT supplement: Thermo Fisher Scientific K.K., Yokohama, Japan), 10 μg/L insulin, 5.5 μg/L transferrin, 6.7 ng/L sodium selenite (ITS-X: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA), 0.0001% 2-β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich) and 2 mM L-cysteine (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO). The cultures were maintained by replacing the entire supernatant with fresh medium every other day.