China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Kissing Bugs
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
Many members of the insect family Reduviidae have an elongate (cone-shaped) head, and hence the name conenose bugs (Figure 17.1). A relatively small but important group of these bugs within the subfamily Triatominae feeds exclusively on vertebrate blood. Notorious members of this group are frequently in the genus Triatoma, but not all. Triatomines are called kissing bugs because their blood meals are occasionally taken on the face or around human lips (Figure 17.2). Very often, their bites are painless; however, bite reactions may range from a single papule, to giant urticarial lesions, to anaphylaxis, depending on the degree of allergic sensitivity.1 In fact, at least one death from anaphylaxis due to a kissing bug bite has been reported in the western United States.2 Kissing bugs may also transmit the agent of Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, one of the most important arthropod-borne diseases in tropical America.
Antiprotozoal Effects of Wild Plants
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Muhammad Subbayyal Akram, Rao Zahid Abbas, José L. Martinez
An infection transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Triatoma infestans, commonly known as Kissing bug. Infected bug releases feces near the bite wound while ingesting meal and that feces contains trypomastigotes. At the bite wound site, trypomastigotes penetrate various cells and transform into amastigotes. Amastigotes multiply in the infected cell and convert into trypomastigotes, then cell bursts and trypomastigotes are released into the bloodstream. Trypomastigotes in bloodstream of infected person again ingested by the bite of bug while ingesting blood meal from host and its life cycle will repeat in this fashion again and again (CDC 2019b).
Use of Essential Oils in Agriculture
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Catherine Regnault-Roger, Susanne Hemetsberger, Gerhard Buchbauer
Muña are Bolivian medical plants and include species of Satureja, Minthostachys, Mentha, and Hedomea. They derive their name muña by the Kechuas people, who live in the Andean mountains where these plants grow at an altitude between 2500 and 5000 meters. These indigenous people of the Andes use these plants among others because of their insecticide and repellent activity in order to protect the crops of potatoes against insects and also to prevent Chagas disease of which an insect acts as the pathogenous vector. Plants used in the study against Triatoma infestans, which was conducted by Fournet et al. (1996), were Minthostachys andina (Britton) Eppling (Lamiaceae) and Hedomea mandonianum Wedd. (Lamiaceae). The EO of M. andina could significantly decrease the number of insects: after 28 days, 10 out of 20 insects were found dead. H. mandonianum had no such effect (Fournet et al., 1996).
Chagas disease prevalence among migrants from El Salvador in Milan: a cross- sectional study of an often-overlooked population
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Martina Beltrami, Romualdo Grande, Andrea Giacomelli, Federico Sabaini, Lidia Biondo, Margherita Longo, Silvia Grosso, Letizia Oreni, Sara Fadelli, Laura Galimberti, Anna Lisa Ridolfo, Spinello Antinori
When we analysed the prevalence among our participants by the department of origin, it was 2.8% in Sonsonate, 3.9% in La Paz, and 0.7% in San Salvador. Interestingly, a recent study by Nolan et al. [6], found that the prevalence of T. cruzi among children living in the department of Sonsonate was 2.3%, which is similar to the figure we found among our Sonsonate migrants, and both findings suggest a high burden of infection in that area. It is also worth noting that a recent nationwide vector survey by Rodriguez et al. found that the highest rates of T. cruzi infection in Triatoma dimidiata were recorded in Ahuchapan (27.3%) and Chalatenango (44.4%) [4]. Such high rates of vector infection seem to conflict with the very low 0.50% prevalence of infection among blood donors in Chalatenango, reported by Sasagawa et al. [5], and the complete absence of cases of T. cruzi infection we found among Salvadoran migrants from that department province. However, these findings may indicate the possibly limited role played by vector-borne transmission in Chalatenango.
The management of Babesia, amoeba and other zoonotic diseases provoked by protozoa
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Clemente Capasso, Claudiu T. Supuran
The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas’ disease (CD), also known as American trypanosomiasis, which is spread via the bites of hematophagous triatomine insects, such as the vectors belonging to the genera Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongylus [5,82–84]. Although the disease is widespread in Latin America, it has spread to other parts of the world through a variety of channels, including migration, transfusions, organ transplants, congenital infection, and food-borne transmission, making it a problem even in non-endemic areas like North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia [5,85,86]. No vaccine or medication protects against CD [84]. Thus, vector control, blood and organ screening, and food safety are crucial in CD prevention [87,88]. Blood donor surveillance and CD screening questions have likely reduced acute transfusion-associated cases, as well as prenatal diagnosis and treatment prevent congenital transmission in women [84,87]. Challenges remain in more endemic locations and with widespread wild infection, such as Gran Chaco and the Amazon Basin, despite progress made in managing domestic vector infestation since 1991 [89]. Although the prevention campaign, CD remains a global public health issue due to the illness’s asymptomatic nature, widespread immigration, and many vectors and reservoirs [84]. Moreover, the disease manifests in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), which can develop years or decades after the initial infection [90].
Appraisal of anti-protozoan activity of nitroaromatic benzenesulfonamides inhibiting carbonic anhydrases from Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Alessio Nocentini, Sameh M. Osman, Igor A. Rodrigues, Veronica S. Cardoso, Fatmah Ali S. Alasmary, Zeid AlOthman, Alane B. Vermelho, Paola Gratteri, Claudiu T. Supuran
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) and leishmaniasis are potentially life-threatening illnesses that have been included in the list of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) by the World Health Organization (WHO). These infections belong to the vector-borne diseases affecting 20 million people and killing more than 50,000 every year and are caused by parasites of the kinetoplastida family (Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania sp.)1. Kissing bugs of the Triatoma and Rhodnius genera naturally transmit T. cruzi that is primarily diffused in Latin America. Chagas disease progresses by damaging organs in the cardiac, digestive, or nervous systems1. The bite of infected phlebotomines instead is the main cause of Leishmania transmission and potentially generates skin or visceral fatal damages. Leishmaniasis is the first-in-class NTD in terms of mortality and morbidity1.