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Order Picornavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
As mentioned earlier, Bárcena et al. (2004) demonstrated that insertion of a foreign epitope at the N- or C-terminal regions did not alter the ability of VP60 to form VLPs similar to authentic virions. The 11-aa linear epitope from the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) nucleoprotein, which was recognized by monoclonal antibody DA3, was used in this study.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The human coronavirus will induce an encephalitis when injected intracerebrally into suckling mice [165], but such a system is not a logical model for either respiratory or gastrointestinal disease. An interesting and attractive alternative is avian infectious bronchitis virus, a closely related member of the Coronaviridae virus family that induces an acute respiratory infection in chicks. This disease is characterized by depression, gasping, rales, and a relatively high mortality rate [166,167]. Such an infection offers the advantage of a naturally occurring disease that closely resembles the human respiratory infection, with the animal model reasonably low in cost. The human coronavirus is not yet known to induce a gastrointestinal disease in laboratory animals, although two related coronaviruses are well recognized for causing such infections in animals. These are transmissible gastroenteritis virus, which induces intestinal lesions and a severe diarrheal disease in newborn pigs [168], and bovine coronavirus, which also causes intestinal lesions as well as diarrhea in calves [169].
Regulation of Antiviral Immunity by Mitochondrial Dynamics
Published in Shamim I. Ahmad, Handbook of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, 2019
Mohsin Khan, Hasan Imam, Saiful Anam Mir
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes watery diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration in young piglets up to two weeks age (Zhu et al., 2016). Infection of TGEV in IPEC-J2 cells decreases mitochondrial membrane potential, total mitochondrial mass with swollen mitochondria and sometimes cristae (Zhu et al., 2016). Presence of autophagosome-like or mitophagosome-like double membrane structures surrounding mitochondria indicates induction of mitophagy to eliminate damaged mitochondria (Zhu et al., 2016). SQSTM1 degradation is the marker for autophagy mediated degradation pathway. TGEV infection induces a complete autophagic response as evident by increased expression of BECN1 and also increased ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I implying initiation of autophagic pathway followed by degradation of SQSTM1 (Zhu et al., 2016). Presence of nucleocapsid protein of TGEV (N) after infection on the mitochondria and subsequent decrease in mitochondrial mass indicate that viral N protein may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and induces mitophagy (Zhu et al., 2016). Inhibition of ATG5, which is involved in autophagic vesicle formation during viral infection, leads to reduced viral progeny yield through reduced apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. Molecular analysis further reveals that redox-sensitive chaperone protein DJ-1 plays an important role in reducing oxidative stress and inducing mitophagy response during TGEV infection in intestinal epithelial cells (Zhu et al., 2016).
Use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria as live delivery vectors for human and animal health
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Romina Levit, Naima G. Cortes-Perez, Alejandra de Moreno de Leblanc, Jade Loiseau, Anne Aucouturier, Philippe Langella, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Luis G. Bermúdez-Humarán
GM LAB have also been studied as vectors for the production of heterologous proteins of animal viruses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of alphacoronavirus that causes an intestinal disease which have caused economic losses around the world.111 A GM strain of L. casei has been used to express N antigen protein of PEDV, and administered oral and intranasally to pregnant sow and mice. This strain was able to both induce mucosal and systemic immune response.112 The same strain was GM to express the protein S of the PEDV virus and the GM L. casei was administered to mice observing an induction of cellular, humoral, and mucosal immunity.113 A bivalent oral vaccine against PDEV and TGEV (porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus) was also developed using a strain of L. casei which was GM to express TGEV S protein D antigen and PEDV S protein-neutralizing antigen epitope region COE as immunogens. Immunized mice showed an induction of humoral and mucosal immune response against TGEV and PDEV, evidencing the potential of this vaccine to prevent both infections.114 In addition, other systems have been developed for the expression of proteins using L. lactis as a vector for the prevention of avian influenza virus infection and infection bursal disease in chicken.115,116
The roles of epidermal growth factor receptor in viral infections
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is an envelope virus with a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome. It is a member of family Coronaviridae that targets porcine intestinal epithelial cells, causing fatal gastroenteritis primarily in new-born piglets (Fehr and Perlman 2015). Previous studies have revealed the direct interaction between TGEV spike proteins and EGFR extracellular binding domain 1. In the early phase of infection, TGEV induces internalisation of EGFR and causes the clustering of EGFR and aminopeptidase N (APN), a known cellular receptor that facilitates viral entry of alphacoronaviruses. APN and EGFR synergistically stimulate PI3K/AKT, and MEK/ERK1/2 signalling pathways and promote clathrin- and caveolin- dependent endocytosis of TGEV. Depletion of EGFR via transfection of small hairpin RNA (shRNA) blocks the entry of TGEV (Figure 2(b)) (Hu et al. 2018).
Targeting viral proteins for restraining SARS-CoV-2: focusing lens on viral proteins beyond spike for discovering new drug targets
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Tao Yang, Si Chun Wang, Linyan Ye, Yasen Maimaitiyiming, Hua Naranmandura
The NTD of S1 subunit is composed of four stacked β-sheets and several connecting loops. Specific functions of NTD in SARS-CoV-2 remain controversial. In other coronaviruses like HCoV-OC43, the NTD is considered to promote the binding of sugar moieties during the initial attachment [78,79]. The NTD of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and MERS-CoV are found to accelerate virus entry into the cell [80]. The NTD of SARS-CoV-2 has been targeted with some potent neutralizing antibodies. Unfortunately, almost all emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 bear mutations or deletions in the NTD, rendering vaccines and neutralizing antibodies less effective [72].