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The Uterine Microbiota
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Jonah Bardos, Carlos Simón, Inmaculada Moreno
Studies have found that different gynecological conditions are associated with different microbiota. Infertility has been associated with increased abundance of Atopobium, Pelomonas, and Sneathia, among many other genera.58 Chronic endometritis (CE) is typically defined as a chronic inflammation of the uterine lining and is associated with the presence of plasma cells following endometrial biopsy.59,60 Multiple studies have suggested that chronic endometritis is associated with recurrent pregnancy loss.61,62Numerous microbes have been found in patients with CE, including Neisseria gonorrhea, Gardnerella vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Enterococcus faecalis and non-microbial causes such as retained tissue. Additionally, endometriosis has been hypothesized to alter the endometrium through increased inflammation and progesterone resistance which can affect implantation, increase the risk of miscarriage, and result in poor pregnancy outcomes, including pregnancy-induced hypertension and preterm birth.63 It would appear that, regardless of the cause, increased inflammation at the endometrial level may affect implantation and pregnancy outcomes.
Probiotics and Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
The microbial composition of the gastrointestinal tract in humans undergoes remarkable changes across the entire lifespan (O’Toole and Claesson, 2010). A neonate’s gastrointestinal tract is colonised by bacteria from the mother and environment, during the birthing process and shortly after following birth. The mode of colonisation would depend to a large extent on the mode of delivery and feeding regime. Vaginal delivered infants acquired bacterial communities resembling the mother’s own vaginal microbiota, which is dominated by lactobacillus, Prevotella or Sneathia spp., whereas infants born via Caesarian-section harbour bacterial communities similar to those found on the skin surface, dominated by Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Propionibacterium spp. (Biasucci et al., 2010; Dominguez- Bello et al., 2010). Breast fed infants tend to harbour Bifidobacteria in their gastrointestinal tract whereas bottle-fed infants tend to have a much more diverse population of microbiota (Heavey et al., 2003). Once the infant is introduced to solid food the gastrointestinal environment increasingly developed towards that of adults with increased diversity (Duncan and Flint, 2013).
Bacterial Vaginosis
Published in William J. Ledger, Steven S. Witkin, Vulvovaginal Infections, 2017
William J. Ledger, Steven S. Witkin
Patients with symptomatic BV are usually characterized by the diminution in the vagina of Lactobacillus species and a concomitant large overgrowth of a variety of facultative and anaerobic bacteria. Women with no Lactobacilli present can be healthy if their bacterial flora contains significant numbers of other bacteria that produce lactic acid.7 In most, if not all, cases, it appears likely that the BV-associated bacteria were already present at low concentrations in the vagina, and therefore, BV is most probably not due to the acquisition of new exogenous bacteria but, instead, is the preferential proliferation of select endogenous microbes. A large multitude of bacteria have been reported to be associated with BV by gene amplification analyses, and not all women with BV have the same vaginal microbiota. Gardnerella vaginalis is the microbe most frequently reported to be associated with a diagnosis of BV. Although also identified by gene amplification protocols in the vagina of many healthy women with a Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota, its concentration is highly elevated in many BV-positive women.16 Other bacteria that are present in high concentrations in vaginal samples from a majority of women diagnosed with BV (by the Amsel and/or Nugent criteria, symptomatic, or without symptoms) are those belonging to the Atopobium, Prevotella, Megasphaera, Leptotrichia, Sneathia, Bifidobacterium, and Dialister genera.17,18 Among the mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma hominis is identified more frequently in women with BV than in other women, while Ureaplasma urealyticum is more universally present in vaginal samples regardless of diagnosis. Three other bacteria most closely related to Clostridia spp., and designated as BV-associated bacteria (BVAB) 1–3 appear to be BV related.17,19
Comparison of microbial profiles and viral status along the vagina-cervix-endometrium continuum of infertile patients
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Mark Jain, Elena Mladova, Anna Dobychina, Karina Kirillova, Anna Shichanina, Daniil Anokhin, Liya Scherbakova, Larisa Samokhodskaya, Olga Panina
The microbiological profiles were analyzed using the following commercial kits on a DT-Prime real-time PCR instrument (DNA-Technology, Moscow, Russia) according to the manufacturers’ protocols: ‘Femoflor 16’, ‘TNC Complex’, ‘Herpes Multiplex’ (cat# R1-P801-S3/6, R1-P111-S3/9, R1-P210-S3/9, respectively, (DNA-Technology, Moscow, Russia)). These reagents allowed quantitative analysis of the total bacterial load (based on the detection of conservative procaryotic sequences), Lactobacillus spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella bivia, Porphyromonas spp., Eubacterium spp., Sneathia spp., Leptotrichia spp., Fusobacterium spp., Megasphaera spp., Veillonella spp., Dialister spp., Lachnobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., Mobiluncus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Atopobium vaginae, Candida spp., Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma genitalium as well as qualitative analysis of Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes simplex viruses 1 & 2, Cytomegalovirus. The number of Homo sapiens DNA was also measured in every sample to control the biomaterial collection quality (>103 copies per reaction mixture). Real-time PCR data was analyzed automatically in the RealTime_PCR software (DNA-Technology, Russia) developed for the above-mentioned PCR kits. The recommended manufacturer cycle threshold value for qualitative analysis was 24, whereas during quantitative analysis DNA levels of less than 103 copies were considered negative. Some closely related taxa were analyzed collectively due to limitations of the applied real-time PCR assay. In such cases, the names of the taxa are listed together and joined by a “+” sign.