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Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) are alphaviruses transmitted by arthropods, members of the Family Togaviridae (Briolant et al. 2004). Alphaviruses are enveloped viruses whose genome is made up of a single strand of RNA. semliki forest virus (SFV) is widely spread in Africa and infection in humans is relatively common (Lundstrom 1999). Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is responsible for an acute disease in man, characterized by a triad of fever, arthralgia, maculopapular and rash (Brighton et al. 1983; McGill 1995), and there is no treatment for this viral disease as yet.
Evidence for a Role of Infections in the Activation of Autoreactive T Cells and the Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
J. Ludovic Croxford, Stephen D. Miller
Semliki forest virus (SFV) is a single stranded RNA alpha virus of the Togaviridae family, which induces an encephalitis, followed by a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in susceptible strains of mice.90 SFV is neurotropic and systemic injection leads to the virus crossing the blood brain barrier. Following systemic injection of the A774 SFV strain, it enters the CNS and remains in small foci around the sites of entry.91 Following SFV infection of BALB/c mice, the subsequent immune response clears the virus, and maximal demyelination can be observed 14 days post-infection. In contrast, lesions and active demyelination SFV infection of SJL/J mice can be observed up to one year post-infection.92,93 Depletion of CD8+ T cells in SFV-infected BALB/c mice completely protects mice from demyelination, suggesting that CD8+ T cells induce demyelination by killing SFV-infected oligodendrocytes.94 In addition, MBP and MOG-specific T cell responses have been observed in SFV-infected SJL/J mice, suggesting a role for autoreactive myelin T cells in the pathogenesis of SFV-induced demyelination. In addition, there is sequence homology between MOG18-32 and a SFV E2115-129 peptide suggesting molecular mimicry may be involved in the pathogenesis of SFV-induced demyelination of susceptible strains of mice.90
Amantadine and Rimantadine
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Early studies by Maassab and Cochran (1964) showed high concentrations of amantadine could inhibit rubella in vitro. Sindbis virus was resistant (Cassell et al., 1984), although other investigators reported that Sindbis virus was susceptible to both amantadine and rimantadine (Couch and Howard, 1986). There were conflicting reports regarding the susceptibility of Semliki Forest virus, with documentation of > 90% inhibition by amantadine at high concentration (0.5 mM) (Helenius et al., 1982) as well as full resistance (Couch and Howard, 1986).
Nano Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy: a Probable Biophysicochemical Management Modality in SARS-CoV-2
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Khatereh Khorsandi, Sepehr Fekrazad, Farshid Vahdatinia, Abbas Farmany, Reza Fekrazad
Fullerene and its derivatives could potentially demonstrate antiviral activity, which has strong impacts on the HIV-infection treatment. The fullerene derivatives antiviral activity is due to many biological properties such as their unique molecular architecture and antioxidant activity. It has been displayed that fullerene derivatives could inhibit and make a complex with HIV protease [68,69]. Dendrofullerene 1 has demonstrated the largest anti-protease activity [70–72]. Derivative 2, the trans-2 isomer, is a potential inhibitor of HIV-1 replication. Water-insoluble fullerene (C60) derivatives have antiviral activity on enveloped viruses. After visible-light illumination for 5 h of semliki forest virus (SFV, Togaviridae) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, Rhabdoviridae)(79). In the presence of C60, the infectivity of these viruses is missed. This effect is attributed to the production of singlet oxygen and is equally efficient in solutions that contained proteins. Various dyes could produce singlet oxygen generation [73]. The examination that fullerenes and its derivatives do not have an immunogenetic effect further endorses their possibility as pharmaceutical compounds.
Potent therapeutic efficacy of an alphavirus replicon DNA vaccine expressing human papilloma virus E6 and E7 antigens
Published in OncoImmunology, 2018
Stephanie van de Wall, Karl Ljungberg, Peng Peng Ip, Annemarie Boerma, Maria L. Knudsen, Hans W. Nijman, Peter Liljeström, Toos Daemen
In this study, we demonstrated potent therapeutic anti-tumor efficacy provided by a DNA replicon vector with doses as low as 0.05 µg. This is a 1000-fold lower dose as compared to most studies using conventional pDNA as application in cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, in this work, we are the first to develop a replicon DNA vaccine candidate based on Semliki Forest virus targeting HPV. Our SFV DNA-launched RNA replicon, encoding a stable fusion protein of HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 delivered by in vivo electroporation resulted in approximately 85% of mice remaining tumor-free by day 108.
Chikungunya fever: a threat to global public health
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Raíza Nara Cunha Moizéis, Thales Allyrio Araújo de Medeiros Fernandes, Paulo Marcos da Matta Guedes, Hannaly Wana Bezerra Pereira, Daniel Carlos Ferreira Lanza, Judson Welber Veríssimo de Azevedo, Josélio Maria de Araújo Galvão, José Veríssimo Fernandes
One of the limitations of molecular techniques is that the collection of material should be done in the acute phase of the disease in the period of greatest viremia up to five days after the onset of symptoms. The immunological tests do not have this limitation in relation to the collection time of the material for examination. However, they do not have the same sensitivity and specificity of the molecular methods and presented cross-reactions with other arboviruses, members of the Semliki forest virus (SFV) antigenic complex [7,110].