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Ecology
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
The relationships between bacteriological and viral indicators of sewage pollution, including the FRNA phages, and environmental variables in coastal water and weather were studied in the bathing waters of Gipuzkoa, the Basque Country (Serrano et al. 1998; Ibarluzea et al. 2007). The fates of the FRNA phages and bacterial pollution indicators were compared in the Moselle River, France (Skraber et al. 2002). Large microbial source tracking, which included the FRNA phage genotyping, was performed at three French estuaries in Brittany and Normandy (Gourmelon et al. 2007). The FRNA phages were detected in 71% of water samples, and group II and III representatives were present in 64% of these water samples, mainly in areas downstream of urban activities. Group I was detected only in three sampling sites with sufficient phage concentrations, and no phage from group IV was detected in any of the water samples. Remarkably, when present, group I represented a high proportion of the total phages, namely 50%–100% of hybridized phages (Gourmelon et al. 2007). Later, an extensive study including detection of the FRNA phage groups was completed in the large Daoulas catchment, Brittany, on the west coast of France (Mauffret et al. 2012). The phage MS2 was monitored not long ago by large-scale survey in the Seine River, together with enteric viruses, such as adenovirus, aichivirus, astrovirus, cosavirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, norovirus of genogroups I and II, rotavirus A, and salivirus, highlighting therefore the health status of the local population (Prevost et al. 2015).
Enterovirus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Taxonomically, the genus Enterovirus falls under the family Picornaviridae, which currently consists of 35 genera of small, nonenveloped, single-stranded positive-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses, including Ampivirus, Aphthovirus, Aquamavirus, Avihepatovirus, Avisivirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Dicipivirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Gallivirus, Harkavirus, Hepatovirus, Hunnivirus, Kobuvirus, Kunsagivirus, Limnipivirus, Megrivirus, Mischivirus, Mosavirus, Oscivirus, Parechovirus, Pasivirus, Passerivirus, Potamipivirus, Rabovirus, Rosavirus, Sakobuvirus, Salivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Sicinivirus, Teschovirus, Torchivirus, and Tremovirus [6,7].
The potential of plant-made vaccines to fight picornavirus
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Omayra C. Bolaños-Martínez, Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
Picornaviridae is one of the largest viral families, which according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) comprise 35 genera enclosing 80 viral species; many other are on the list to be classified. All members are ~30-32 nm in diameter with an icosahedral structure composed of 60 identical units (protomers) [1]. The members of this family have a genome composed of a single-stranded, positive-sense, and non-segmented RNA; with a length ranging 6.7–10.1 kb. The ORF is flanked by two untranslated regions (UTR); with the 5´end containing diverse RNA secondary structures implicated in replication and associated with the VPg protein that plays an important role in translation. The 3´UTR contains a poly (A) tail that mimics mRNA from the host providing genome stability (Figure 1). Picornaviruses possess four capsid proteins having b-barrel folding and code for a polyprotein that is processed by virus-encoded cysteine proteinases; their replication is performed by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase containing the YGDD sequence motif. Picornaviruses are transmitted through the oral-fecal or aerial routes and many of them affect humans and animals; causing subclinical infections, mild febrile illness, and mild diseases in the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts; as well as severe heart, liver, and central nervous system diseases. Picornaviruses of the genera Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Enterovirus, Hepatovirus, Kobuvirus, Parechovirus, and Salivirus infect humans [2].