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Phytomedicines Targeting Antibiotic Resistance through Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation Associated with Acne Vulgaris
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Isa A. Lambrechts, Namrita Lall
Antibiotic resistance can be defined as when the minimum inhibitory concentration against the targeted bacteria is higher than the concentration of the active that is available in vivo. Therefore, antibiotic resistance is when antibiotics cannot inhibit the microorganisms they previously were able to inhibit. The antibiotic resistance observed in biofilms could be due to two mechanisms of action: a reduction in the diffusion of antibiotics through the biofilm and a reduction in bacterial metabolism of the bacteria within the biofilm (Brandwein, Steinberg, and Meshner, 2016). Quorum sensing regulates genes involved in biofilm formation and dispersion; hence, biofilm formation and quorum sensing are linked.
Lifestyle and Diet
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Besides the side effects of drugs, antibiotic resistance is now a problem for the treatment of many infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist the effects of an antibiotic due to the overuse of this antibiotic previously. In many countries, especially in developing countries, antibiotics are unregulated and available over the counter without a prescription. This lack of control promotes the overuse of antibiotics. The overuse of antibiotics clearly drives the evolution of resistant bacteria. Incorrectly prescribed antibiotics also contribute to the promotion of antibiotic resistance (3, 152). Moreover, antibiotics are widely used as growth supplements in livestock. The antibiotics used in livestock are ingested by humans when they consume food, thereby, causing passive antibiotic resistance in humans. Antibiotic-resistant infections can be grave health problems that need to be resolved rapidly.
Corneal Disorders
Published in Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong, Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Darren S. J. Ting, Rashmi Deshmukh, Daniel S. W. Ting, Marcus Ang
Several large-scale IK studies have also helped identify the emerging issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) against the common antimicrobial agents used for IK.82,83 Broad-spectrum topical antimicrobial therapy serves as the current gold standard for treating IK, and AMR has been shown to negatively affect the outcome and healing time of IK.84 In the Antibiotic Resistance Among Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) trial with data from 6091 ocular isolates, Asbell et al.82 observed that 35% and 49% of the Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were methicillin-resistant. Moreover, these microorganisms were often associated with multidrug resistance. In contrast, the Nottingham Infectious Keratitis Study, UK, demonstrated a low rate (<5%) of AMR against the commonly employed antibiotic regimens used for IK, namely fluoroquinolone monotherapy and cephalosporin–aminoglycoside dual therapy.35 These findings highlight the geographical variations in AMR for IK and the importance of up-to-date examination in each region.
Repeated vaccination and ‘vaccine exhaustion’: relevance to the COVID-19 crisis
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Md Anwarul Azim Majumder, Mohammed S. Razzaque
Vaccines protect recipients by eliciting immune responses and communities by reducing transmission of infection. However, newer strains with markedly increased transmissibility have frustrated efforts to control the spread of COVID-19. The Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants of SARS-CoV-2 are examples of rapidly evolving new strains. The overuse of antimicrobial drugs frequently induces drug resistance. The potential for repeated vaccination to cause vaccine exhaustion and, consequently, reduce protection against microbial infection merits further study. Existing studies have identified microbial evolution, immune suppression, immune evasion, and repeated vaccination as probable causes of vaccine resistance. Emerging recommendations for repeated vaccination against COVID-19 have raised concern that booster doses could contribute to viral mutations leading to longer-term vaccine resistance.
Rational use of antibiotics and covariates of clinical outcomes in patients admitted to intensive care units of a tertiary hospital in Kenya
Published in Hospital Practice, 2022
Babra Ligogo Murila, David Gitonga Nyamu, Rosaline N. Kinuthia, Peter Mbugua Njogu
Due to the ever-present danger of drug resistance and a dearth of new antimicrobial drug development, rational use of antibiotics is a paramount good clinical practice to counter antimicrobial resistance and improve the quality of care of patients with infections by maximizing clinical outcomes while minimizing toxicity. In this study, antibiotics use had relatively high rationality on three of the five parameters assessed, namely route of administration (99.4%), dosing (76.7%) and frequency (69.5%). The high prevalence of irrational use of antibiotics was contributed largely by the incorrect choice (51%) and wrong duration (32.3%) of use of antibiotics, especially in surgical prophylaxis. Intubation and comorbidities were significant correlates of poor outcomes of therapy. Therefore, intensification of management in critical care units should be directed toward intubated patients with comorbidities.
Virulence factors, antibiotic resistance patterns, and molecular types of clinical isolates of Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Mitra Ahmadi, Reza Ranjbar, Payam Behzadi, Taher Mohammadian
K. pneumoniae causes several types of infections in humans, including respiratory, bloodstream and urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are commonly seen in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients [36,37]. These infections are often treated with beta-lactams and other effective antibiotics against Enterobacteriaceae. Nevertheless, the antibiotic-resistant and highly pathogenic species of K. pneumoniae are rapidly spreading around the world [2]. Bacterial resistance depends vastly on populational and geographical factors. Thus, the body of different people can provide different environments for the bacteria to grow, multiply and be affected by the drugs . Therefore, the study of bacterial resistance in a specific population can give an appropriate overview of effective drugs for the healthcare staff to provide an effective antibiotic regimen to ensure improved recovery of patients.