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Peyer’s Patch Epithelium
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2018
Gary R. Burleson, Florence G. Burleson
Reovirus (respiratory, enteric, orphan viruses) have been studied in the respiratory and GI tract. Reovirus serotype 1 (Lang) strain and reovirus serotype 3 (Dearing) have been most thoroughly characterized. Reovirus type 1 (Lang) replicates to high titers after oral infection in suckling mice while reovirus type 3 (Dearing) does not. The molecular basis for this differential replication and subsequent viral shedding from the GI tract resides in the L2 and S1 genes. The S1 gene which codes for the outer capsid protein sigma-1 and the L2 gene which codes for the lambda-2 core spike protein are responsible for the difference in allowing the Lang strain, but not the Dearing strain, to replicate in intestinal tissue (Keroack and Fields, 1986; Bodkin and Fields, 1989).
The promise of oncolytic viral therapy for the treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies
Published in Wim P. Ceelen, Edward A. Levine, Intraperitoneal Cancer Therapy, 2015
John H. Stewart, Lauren Gillory
This double-stranded RNA virus is a member of the Reoviridae [77]. The genome of this oncolytic virus is comprised of 10 segments, and it is therefore difficult to generate recombinant versions of this virus that can be modified with attachment proteins or therapeutic genes [78]. Preclinical work has shown that cellular events favoring reovirus-mediated apoptosis include downregulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) through elevation of β-catenin expression in HEK293 and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines as well as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis [79,80]. Additional studies have reported that reovirus activates human dendritic cells to promote innate antitumor immunity [81]. Current work is focused on clinical trials of reovirus against a variety of histologies including colorectal cancer [82].
Waterborne and water-washed disease *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
The important faecal–oral viruses, bacteria and parasites are listed in Table 3.1, Chapter 3. All of these faecal–oral pathogens contribute to a large burden of documented disease and death that has been attributed in part to environmental exposures to these pathogens (Feachem et al., 1983; Leclerc et al., 2002; Fletcher et al., 2012; La Rosa et al., 2012; Rzezutka and Cook, 2004). Some virus groups consist of several or many different members, each of which can infect the same human host over time. Most faecal–oral viruses can infect and produce gastrointestinal illness. Ingestion of low doses of these viruses has a high probability of causing infection and in some cases a high probability of illness as well (Teunis et al., 1996; Haas et al., 1999). Of the faecal–oral viruses, the adenoviruses, enteroviruses and the reoviruses can also infect the respiratory tract to cause respiratory illness and shedding of the viruses in respiratory secretions and exudates. The enteroviruses can also cause skin rashes and conjunctivitis.
The discovery and development of oncolytic viruses: are they the future of cancer immunotherapy?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Shunchuan Zhang, Samuel D Rabkin
Anti-OV neutralizing antibodies, due to human natural exposure or vaccination (e.g. HSV, Ad, VV, MV, poliovirus, reovirus), or multiple OV administrations can impede systemic delivery. There are a number of approaches to deal with this problem: (i) cell carriers to transport OV through the circulation [73]; (ii) shield the virion surface or encapsulate in nanoparticles, for example polymer-coated oMV [176]; and (iii) genetically modify dominant exposed epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies [50,55]. For any carrier or shielding process, the OV needs to be able to exit or be released in the tumor so it can productively infect cancer cells. The success of these strategies depends greatly on virus biology and cellular interactions. Some OVs naturally associate with immune cells, as exemplified by reovirus in patients [73].
Oncolytic viruses: how “lytic” must they be for therapeutic efficacy?
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Maria Eugenia Davola, Karen Louise Mossman
Reovirus is a naturally occurring, non-pathogenic double-stranded RNA virus, with selective toxicity toward cells with an activated Ras pathway.67,68 Reovirus is under investigation in phase I and II clinical trials and is considered a potential candidate for phase III trials.69 Although viral life cycles of RNA viruses differ significantly with those of DNA viruses, antitumor activity of reovirus type 3 in vivo was also independent of virus replication in a B16 murine melanoma model.70In vitro, mouse melanoma cells were resistant to direct oncolysis and failed to support reovirus replication. Limited reovirus replication was also observed in vivo. However, reovirus was able to induce an antitumor immune response and purged lymph node and splenic metastasis in immunocompetent mice, while it failed to reduce tumor burden in immunodeficient mice. Using human cells in vitro, Prestwich et al. also showed that direct reovirus oncolysis is not required to prime antitumor immunity, with UV-inactivated reovirus being similarly immunogenic, suggesting that only the initial stages of reovirus infection play an essential role in antitumor immunity activation (Figure 2).70
Virotherapy: Current Trends and Future Prospects for Treatment of Colon and Rectal Malignancies
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2019
Chin Liang Lee, Sanggeetha Veeramani, Aidin Molouki, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Warren Thomas, Suet Lin Chia, Khatijah Yusoff
Reovirus has a better safely profile compared to some other virotherapy agents due to its poor invasive capacity for normal human cells. The capacity of the immune system to develop highly effective NABs to reduce the efficacy of the virus is a problem [64], and so combinatorial administration with chemotherapy or radiotherapy therapy may be more effective but with a greater risk of adverse effects [65]. Further studies are required to fine tune the efficacy of the virus and also reduce the side effects experienced by patients at high virus titre when chemotherapeutic agents are present.