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Order Bunyavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
According to the latest ICTV issues (Kuhn et al. 2020), the Phenuiviridae family contains 20 genera and 137 species. The most famous member is Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) of the genus Phlebovirus.
West Nile virus and other mosquito-borne viruses present in Eastern Europe
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Sebastián Napp, Dusan Petrić, Núria Busquets
Moboviruses affecting humans are concentrated in four families: Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus), Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus), Peribunyaviridae (genus Orthobunyavirus) and Phenuiviridae (genus Phlebovirus). The virus species names included in the present review have been updated following the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The present review briefly summarizes the group of moboviruses present in Eastern Europe (EE) (Figure 1). For more details on virus species see for example [1,6–8]. In the case of WNV, being the main mobovirus present in EE, we have focused on its distribution and spread in recent years using data on the human cases provided by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Finally, the review also gives an overview of the main biological and ecological characteristics of the mosquito species involved in moboviruses transmission in EE. As there is not a clear classification of the countries included within EE, we based our choice on commonly accepted geographical criteria. Accordingly, we included Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (from here onwards, Macedonia), Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine as belonging to EE.
Candidate vaccines for human Rift Valley fever
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) belongs to the genus Phlebovirus in the family Phenuiviridae, and possesses a tripartite negative and ambi-sense RNA genome (L-, M-, and S-segments). The natural life cycle of RVFV is maintained via infected floodwater Aedes mosquitoes which lay drought-resistant eggs in low-lying areas (e.g. dambos, pans, vleis) [1]. Livestock animals susceptible to RVFV (sheep, cattle, goats, camels) play a major role in amplifying RVFV, and various mosquito species can serve as vectors for RVFV (i.e. Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Eremapodites, Eumelanomyia, Mansonia spp.), dependent on their habitats [2]. During an inter-epidemic period, RVFV is transmitted, presumably at a low level, between mosquitoes and animals (e.g. sheep, cattle, goats, camel) in endemic countries [3]. Although viral circulation levels may not be high, RVF cases could occur in association with livestock animals or mosquitoes harboring RVFV. Once optimal conditions are met for the hatching of infected mosquitoes, higher levels of RVFV transmission can occur via mosquitoes and animals, which leads to increased cases of RVF in humans. The first described RVF outbreak occurred in Kenya in 1930–1931 [4]. Since then, there have been sporadic major RVF outbreaks affecting livestock (sheep, cattle, goats) and humans: 1950–1951 (South Africa, Kenya), 1974–1975 (South Africa, Namibia), 1977–1978 (Egypt), 1978 (Zimbabwe), 1987 (Mauritania, Senegal), 1990–1991 (Madagascar), 1997–1998 (Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia), 2000–2001 (Saudi Arabia, Yemen), 2003 (Egypt), 2006–2007 (Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia), 2007–2008 (Sudan), 2008–2009 (Madagascar). 2010–2011 (South Africa), 2010 and 2012 (Mauritania), 2016 (Niger), and 2018 (Kenya) [5–7]. In five major RVF outbreaks (1997–1998 East Africa, 2000–2001 Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2006–2007 East Africa, 2007–2008 Sudan, 2008 Madagascar), ≈339,000 estimated human cases, 1,168 confirmed human deaths, and > 57,000 deaths of animals occurred [5,6]. RVF outbreaks mainly affected the livestock industry, due to livestock losses and trading bans of animal products [8], and thus represent an important economic and public health concerns in endemic countries.