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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
The following are applicable: Unimmunised infants (born after 32 weeks) less than two months of age whose mothers did not receive pertussis vaccine after 16 weeks of pregnancy and at least two weeks prior to delivery.Unimmunised infants (born less than 32 weeks) less than two months of age regardless of maternal vaccine status.Unimmunised and partially immunised infants (fewer than three doses of vaccine) age two months and older regardless of maternal vaccine status.
Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Pertussis is the formal name of the disease most often designated by the characteristic cough accompanying the disease. It is caused by Bordetella pertussis which is a Gram-negative coccobacillus. The virulence factors of B. pertussis are the several pertussis toxins, as well as the pili and capsule. Immunization with killed B. pertussis bacteria, in a triple vaccine that also contains diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DPT vaccine), has reduced the incidence of this disease in infants and young children. A factor in pertussis vaccines, however, causes neurologic disorders in a small proportion of children who have received it. This has caused a decrease in use of the vaccine and an upsurge in whooping cough. Attempts are underway to produce a pertussis vaccine free of this undesirable effect.
Routine maternal immunizations for all pregnant women
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
The source of pertussis for the neonatal patient is largely unknown (Table 6). Although the mother is the source in 14%, the father in 6%, and grandparents and sibling in an additional 12%, immunization programs targeting mothers postpartum and their support groups are likely to be unsuccessful. The neonatal patient receives active pertussis vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months of life and is not protected from disease until 6 months of life.
Antenatal vaccination for influenza and pertussis: a call to action
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Despoina Gkentzi, Maria Zorba, Markos Marangos, Ageliki Vervenioti, Ageliki Karatza, Gabriel Dimitriou
With regards to the benefits of antenatal influenza vaccine (protection of both pregnant mother and the newborn), only 16 (3.7%) of the participants were adequately informed. Similarly, for pertussis, only 12 (2.8%) women in our cohort were aware that antenatal vaccination will offer protection to the newborn. As for vaccine safety, there was overall poor awareness that antenatal vaccination is safe to administer (95, 22%). A minority of participants believed that vaccination during pregnancy can cause birth defects (26, 5%) and autism (13, 2.5%). Moreover, only 10 (2.3%) were aware of the common side effects of influenza vaccine and 12 (2.8%) of the pertussis vaccine. We did not find any statistically significant difference between the knowledge and attitudes between the two vaccines.
Strategies to increase uptake of maternal pertussis vaccination
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Kavin M. Patel, Laia Vazquez Guillamet, Lauren Pischel, Mallory K. Ellingson, Azucena Bardají, Saad B. Omer
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory disease that results in disproportionate morbidity and mortality in infants less than one year of age. Vaccination has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of pertussis leading to its eventual incorporation into child and adolescent immunization schedules worldwide. Young infants, particularly those who have yet to receive the primary DTP series, continue to remain at higher risk for complications. In the mid-2000s to early the 2010s numerous countries started to pursue prenatal vaccination of pregnant women and/or postpartum vaccination of caregivers to protect infants. Despite proven benefit maternal uptake of pertussis vaccine continues to be low and the burden of pertussis disease continues to be unacceptably high. Many studies have been undertaken to address the suboptimal uptake of maternal pertussis vaccination, as highlighted in this systematic review.
Immune interference (blunting) in the context of maternal immunization with Tdap-containing vaccines: is it a class effect?
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Walid Kandeil, Miloje Savic, Maria Angeles Ceregido, Adrienne Guignard, Anastasia Kuznetsova, Piyali Mukherjee
Clinical risks of disease are relatively straightforward to assess when established humoral correlates of protection exist (e.g. diphtheria and tetanus). However, in the case of pertussis disease risk in infants, an open question remains due to lack of agreed correlates of protection. To truly interpret the clinical impact of blunting, it is therefore important to not only take into account immunogenicity results from clinical trials but also epidemiological data. To do this, more long-term follow-up data on pertussis disease are necessary from countries with substantial immunization coverage and with good surveillance systems in place. One of the strategies investigated to reduce the potential impact of blunting is delaying the first infant pertussis vaccine dose as recently implemented in the infant immunization program in the Netherlands [44,46]. Additional research on the establishment of correlates of protection for pertussis, and on current and future pertussis vaccine development should be pursued.