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Botanicals and the Gut Microbiome
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) refers to a group of bowel disorders that are characterized by abdominal discomfort, pain when passing stools, changes in normal bowel habits and disordered stool passing (Bull and Plummer, 2015). Although the cause of IBS is possibly due to numerous factors such as genetics, infection and immunity, it is the variation in the microbiota of the gut that causes the low-grade intestinal inflammation found associated with the syndrome (Guinane and Cotter, 2013). When dysbiosis of the gut occurs, pathogenic microbes may attach themselves and cause the symptoms seen in IBS (Rinttilä et al., 2011). It was reported that the composition of the gut changes when IBS is present in that there is a twofold increase in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (Ponnusamy et al., 2011)
Pathogenicity and Virulence
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The production of infectious disease is dependent upon the condition of the host and the characteristics of the invading microorganism. Microbial traits that contribute to the ability to produce disease are called virulence characteristics and include factors which enable the microbe to attach to and invade host cells, to resist ingestion by professional phagocytes or to survive the phagocytic process, to interfere with the host′s adaptive immune response, to spread within the host and to be transmitted to new hosts. Most pathogenic microbes express many different virulence traits. Some pathogens are also able to alter the expression of these traits in response to environmental pressure.
Spices as Eco-friendly Microbicides: From Kitchen to Clinic
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Development of resistance to antimicrobial agents in pathogenic microbes poses a serious risk to public health and hampers the economy of any nation. With major pathogens becoming resistant to currently available antibiotics there is an urgent need for research of a newer class of antimicrobial agents.
Role of natural killer and B cell interaction in inducing pathogen specific immune responses
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2023
Nikunj Tandel, Sushmita Negi, Sarat K. Dalai, Rajeev K. Tyagi
Though, pathogenic microbes employ various mechanisms to disrupt the immune system, defense system is well-programmed, tightly regulated and protects us from infectious pathogens by eliciting immune responses [1]. The cellular and humoral immune system develops tolerance and clear infectious pathogens. The innate and adaptive immunity and their interaction with natural killer cells (NKs) are known to confer protection against a range of antigens [2]. Recently, NK cells have gained significant attention due to their multifactorial role in generating broader repertoire of immune responses and bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. Present article focuses on the recent developments taking place to understand NK-B cell interaction and their impact on immune effectors. Also, the interaction of NK-B cells in HSC (CD34+, hematopoietic stem cell-HSC) reconstituted immunodeficient mice (HIS), a viable preclinical tool, to study pathogen specific immune response to clear infectious and inflammatory pathogens has been discussed.
Bacterial effluxome as a barrier against antimicrobial agents: structural biology aspects and drug targeting
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2022
Pownraj Brindangnanam, Ajit Ramesh Sawant, K. Prashanth, Mohane Selvaraj Coumar
The microbial universe was discovered and introduced to the world by the legends Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek through serendipity in the 16th century.1Particularly, the discovery of bacteria by Leeuwenhoek was one of the greatest contributions to science and biology, which changed our vision of the biome we live in. Later discoveries identified that some of the microbes are beneficial to the host and some are pathogenic causing diseases in the host. Pathogenic microbes had played a crucial role in the survival history of mankind.2 For instance, Plague or black death (165–180 AD, killed one-third of the world population in the 13th century), malaria (18th century), Spanish influenza (pandemic 1918–1920), tuberculosis (TB in 19th century), smallpox (1972), HIV pandemic (the early 1980s), SARS (21st century), and SARS-COV-2 (late 2019s) outbreaks have resulted in millions of death and affected the livelihood of many worldwide.3–6
Quorum sensing: a new prospect for the management of antimicrobial-resistant infectious diseases
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Mainul Haque, Salequl Islam, Md Arif Sheikh, Sameer Dhingra, Peace Uwambaye, Francesco Maria Labricciosa, Katia Iskandar, Jaykaran Charan, Alaeddin Bashir Abukabda, Dilshad Jahan
Pathogenic microbes produce diverse virulence factors to survive in the host system and cause physical damage. Microbial toxins are essential components of a microbes virulence factors [174]. Immunized animal serum was utilized widely as the principal method of treatment for various infectious diseases including diphtheria, tetanus, scarlet fever, pneumococcal pneumonia, and meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitis and Haemophilus influenza in the pre-antibiotic era [175]. The use of antibodies for the management of microbial diseases was first reported in 1890 [176]. Serum from immunized horses provided the first effective treatment against Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections [177]. Moreover, the QS signaling system controls microbial toxin production mechanisms [112,178]. Bacterial toxins, encoded by microbial chromosomal genes, plasmids, or phages, are often responsible for lethal pathological manifestations among infected individuals [179]. Microbial toxins are ‘non-replicating, non-infectious, non-contagious, and non-curable’ by antimicrobial medicine [180].