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Fungal Infections
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Uwe Wollina, Pietro Nenoff, Shyam Verma, Uta-Christina Hipler
Clinical presentation: This is a chronic or subacute granulomatous endemic systemic mycosis, caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii in South America. Risk factors include lymphoma, organ transplantation, and HIV infection. P. brasiliensis affects mucous membranes of the mouth and nose, causing ulceration with subsequent spreading through the lymphatic system. Nodular cutaneous lesions occur that can become necrotic or result in subcutaneous cold abscesses (Figure 8.8).
Curcumin and Neglected Infectious Diseases
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Francesca Mazzacuva, Agostino Cilibrizzi
Several research groups have recently investigated the effects of curcumin (1) in relation to neglected parasitic diseases and a possible role in this context is supported by both in vitro and in vivo studies (Wink 2012, Padmanaban and Rangarajan 2016). For instance, the polyphenol demonstrated a more potent antifungal agent than fluconazole against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the causal agent of the neglected disease paracoccidioidomycosis (Martins et al. 2009). Although experimental data need further confirmation, the administration of curcumin (1) with currently used chemotherapeutic agents suggests the improvement of their therapeutic efficacy (Ndjonka et al. 2013).
Tropical Colorectal Surgery
Published in Peter Sagar, Andrew G. Hill, Charles H. Knowles, Stefan Post, Willem A. Bemelman, Patricia L. Roberts, Susan Galandiuk, John R.T. Monson, Michael R.B. Keighley, Norman S. Williams, Keighley & Williams’ Surgery of the Anus, Rectum and Colon, 2019
Meheshinder Singh, Kemal I. Deen
This is an acute to chronic systemic mycotic disease caused by the dimorphic fungus, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It was first discovered by Adolfo Lutz in 1908 in Brazil94 and is also known as South American Blastomycosis.
Inhaled antifungal therapy: benefits, challenges, and clinical applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
The incidence of fungal infections has increased substantially over the past two decades. Currently, over 300 million people are afflicted with a serious fungal infection and the annual mortality associated with fungal infections is more than 1.6 million worldwide [1]. For pulmonary mycoses, invasive forms are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates [2]. Those who are non-immunocompetent or have impaired lung function such as patients who suffer from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), influenza, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis (TB), cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma are at high risk of fungal infection [3,4]. The primary cause of pulmonary fungal infections consists of several fungal species including Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides spp., Cryptococcus spp., Histoplasma spp., Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Pneumocystis jirovecii [5–7]. This review will largely focus on cases of Aspergillus spp.
Immunosuppression in the Management of Presumed Non-infective Uveitis; Are We Sure What We are Treating? Notes on the Antimicrobial Properties of the Systemic Immunosuppressants
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Ciclosporin A (CsA, cyclosporine) is a cyclic peptide originally isolated from a newly-discovered fungus (Tolypocladium inflatum) in 1971, during investigations at Sandoz into potential new antibiotics. Initially, CsA was found to be active only against Neurospora crassa (an Ascomycete mould, not known to be pathogenic in humans and coincidentally, widely used as a laboratory organism in fungal genetics studies) and Rhodotorula rubra,(an environmentally widespread Basidiomycete yeast which can be a human pathogen in the immunosuppressed). No antibacterial activity was discovered. However, later it was discovered that calcineurin is necessary for Cryptococcus neoformans metabolism at human body temperature, and subsequently that both CsA and FK506 were effective antifungals against this organism.16 It transpires that calcineurin inhibition is the mechanism of both T-cell immunosuppression and most antifungal activity.17 Ciclosporin is now also known to be active against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a murine model.18
Rectal malakoplakia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Ted George Achufusi, Kegan Jessamy, Philip Chebaya, Sekou Rawlins
Malakoplakia was first described by Michaelis and Gutmann in 1902 after it was observed in the bladder. It was named by Van Hansemann in 1903. The term malakoplakia stems from the Greek malakos (soft) and plakos (plaque) and reflects its usual appearance as a friable, yellow mucosal lesion on endoscopy. Coliform bacteria in macrophage cytoplasm (von Hansemann histiocytes) (Figure 1b,c) and laminated intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Michaelis-Gutmann bodies) (Figure 1c) are considered diagnostic features. It is hypothesized that a defect of macrophage phagolysosomal response to bacterial infection is the cause of malakoplakia. Glucocorticoids and azathioprine have been shown to contribute to macrophage abnormality, and their discontinuation has been shown to reverse macrophage abnormalities and clinical symptoms. The presence of a bacterial infection has been described in most reported cases, regardless of the affected organ. The two most commonly isolated organisms include Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, but other organisms including gram-negative, gram-positive, and acid-fast bacilli have also been isolated.1 Fungi, including Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and viruses have also been implicated in isolated cases.2