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Morphology, Pathogenesis, Genome Organization, and Replication of Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Sadia Javed, Bahzad Ahmad Farhan, Maria Shabbir, Areeba Tahseen, Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Marius Moga
The development of negative RNA, used as a full-length (+) RNA genome template, is regulated by this complex. Sub-genomic RNAs in transcription are produced by transcription and decoded by sub-genomic (+) mRNA into different structural proteins. From the transcription, transcripts are produced. A nucleocapsid constitutes the freshly formed structural protein and viral genomic RNA. Viral particles are then emitted from the infected cells to the ER-Golgi C (ERGIC) intermediate compartment [101].
The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The structural proteins surrounding viral genomes are arranged into one of two symmetrical forms called capsids that are either helical or icosahedral in shape. The simplest viruses consist of a rodlike helix or coil of RNA closely associated with structural proteins. There are no known animal viruses lacking an outer envelope and thus naked helical morphology; however, an example of one found in plants is the tobacco mosaic virus. The simplest animal viruses are naked icosahedral viruses such as the parvoviruses. They consist of a DNA or RNA strand within a protein shell called a capsid (Figure 16.1 A). The capsid consists of a structure created by the regular arrangement of structural subunits called “capsomeres.” Each capsomer is composed of a set of viral structural proteins. The other major forms of viruses are the enveloped icosahedral viruses such as the herpesviruses or the enveloped helical viruses such as the rhabdoviruses (Figure 16.1 B and 16.1C). Viral nucleic acid strands with bound proteins generally have helical morphology while viral genomes within a capsid structure also referred to as a nucleocapsid are characteristically icosahedral in morphology.
SARS-CoV-2 Morphology, Genomic Organisation and Lifecycle
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Srijan Goswami, Ushmita Gupta Bakshi
The capsid, located just below the viral envelope, is a thin shell made up of proteins and encloses the genetic material of the virus. Nucleocapsid proteins are located below the capsid, associated with the viral genetic material, and thus create a protective covering around it. The nucleocapsid plays three critical roles in the virus lifecycle (UniProtKB – P59595, n.d.). First, it protects viral particles by inhibiting the host's defence mechanisms, second, it assists viral RNA in replicating itself, and third, it aids in the generation of new viral particles (UniProtKB – P59595, n.d.).
COVID-19: a wreak havoc across the globe
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Heena Rehman, Md Iftekhar Ahmad
The N protein has two separate domains, namely the N terminal domain and C terminal domain. The N protein in different viruses uses different mechanisms for binding to the RNA. The N terminal domain is heavily phosphorylated. It binds to the viral genome in beads on a string manner. There are basically two substrates of N protein. One of the substrates is the trinucleotide repeat sequence (TRSs) which binds to the C terminus and other substrate binds to the genomic packaging signal. The gene coding for N protein precedes the 3′UTR of the coronavirus genome (Rota et al.2003). Nucleocapsid is involved in viral packaging, viral core formation, and vRNA synthesis (Hiscox et al.2001). The N protein of novel coronavirus consist of a short lysine rich region (KTFPPTEPKKDKKKKTDEAQ) near the C terminal which is unique (Marra et al. 2003). It is speculated that this region acts as a nuclear localising region which allows N protein to enter the nucleus through passive diffusion (Rowland et al.1999). It gets phosphorylated after translation. The phosphorylation allows it to enter the nucleus at specific stages of the cell cycle (Hiscox et al.2001). During the interphase, the N protein gets an opportunity to interact with various transcription factors and regulatory complexes. N protein affects the signal transduction pathways resulting in inflammation, apoptosis, and several other cellular processes.
Developing and Studying the Investigational City of Hope COVID-19 Vaccine
Published in Oncology Issues, 2021
Dr. Diamond and his team used the Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)—a vaccine delivery system for antigens—as the vehicle for City of Hope’s investigational COVID-19 vaccine. MVA technology has been around for a long time and has been tested extensively in patients who have received hematopoietic cell transplants. Studies have found that these MVA-based vaccines are very safe, effective, and able to induce a good immune response even in patients who are immuno-compromised. The investigational City of Hope COVID-19 vaccine is novel because it is the only one in study in the United States that uses the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nucleocapsid proteins to induce an immune response in the host. By using both the spike and the nucleocapsid proteins, we believe that the vaccine will be more immunogenic and will induce antibody responses and a very strong T-cell response.
TLR4 as a therapeutic target for respiratory and neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Dhriti Kaushik, Ranjana Bhandari, Anurag Kuhad
SARS-CoV-2, a β-coronavirus, is basically an enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae. Its diameter ranges from 80 to 220 nm. On the envelope are 20 nm in length crown-like spikes that bear a resemblance to the corona of the sun as viewed under electron microscopy, thus, giving it the name of coronavirus [16]. There are mainly four structural proteins present that include-small envelope(E) glycoprotein, nucleocapsid(N) protein, spike(S) glycoprotein, membrane(M) glycoprotein, and other accessory proteins [17]. Hemagglutinin esterase (HE) protein is also present. The most abundant is the M glycoprotein spanning the membrane bilayer three times [18]. The spike glycoprotein, weighing about 150 kDa, is a transmembrane protein on the outer surface of the virus. This is responsible for the binding of the virus to host cell receptors (ACE2). The nucleocapsid protein is the structural component bound to nucleic acid material and hence is involved in the viral replication cycle and cellular response to the infection by the host cells [17]. The accessory proteins like the HE protein, 4a/b protein, and 3a/b protein are responsible for virus replication and genome maintenance [18]. Figure 1 represents the structure of SARS-CoV-2.