China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Olivia Winfrey, Wendy L. Jackson
Serologic tests – Need 1 nontreponemal and 1 treponemalCan perform either test type firstIf first test is positive, perform the second test to confirm the diagnosisIf first is negative, stopMay take 2–4 weeks for test to become positive
Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
First, obtain a serum treponemal test, such as the syphilis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescent treponemal antibody (FTA), or microhemagglutination for antibodies to T. pallidum (MHA-TP) assay. If reactive, a rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titer should be performed.7 If there is a very high load of spirochetes, such as during secondary syphilis, the prozone effect may be present, creating a false-negative RPR. If this is suspected, the laboratory should dilute the sample and repeat the test. Importantly, specific treponemal tests typically remain positive for life, regardless of treatment, while nontreponemal tests such as the RPR will have fluctuating values in response to time since infection or treatment and can become nonreactive. It is important to follow the RPR response after treatment.
Prevention, Screening, and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Diagnosis of syphilis is made by a screening or nontreponemal test, followed by a confirmatory or treponemal test. Syphilis is easily treated with penicillin G. The organisms may be sequestered in certain sites that are poorly accessed by some forms of penicillin. Therefore, the preparation used is aqueous procaine or aqueous crystalline. The treatment for primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis is a single dose of 2.4 million units of intramuscular penicillin G. Patients with tertiary or late latent syphilis require three doses at weekly intervals. Penicillin desensitization remains the optimal therapy for patients with penicillin allergies.22
Serologic false-positive reactions for syphilis in children of adenoidal hypertrophy:2 case reports and review of the literature
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2021
Wei Wang, Xuzhou Fan, Xuelian Huang, Jingmei Yan, Jianfeng Luan
Serological tests for syphilis, which can be divided into treponemal and nontreponemal antibody tests, are used for the initial diagnosis of syphilis. The two most commonly used nontreponemal tests are the venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) and the rapid plasma reagin (RPR), both of which are used to measure nonspecific antibodies against phospholipids [16].However, the nonspecific antibodies against phospholipids, including cardiolipin,can be produced under a variety of disease states, such as atypical pneumonia,brucellosis,chronic liver disease, rheumatic heart disease, subacute bacterial endocarditis and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc [17].These may lead to biological false-positive results.As the most widely used treponemal test, the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption assay(FTA-ABS) measures specific antibodies formed by the host in response to infection with Treponema Pallidum.Its sensitivity is higher than that of the VDRL and the RPR.However,technical factors can cause false positives in the FTA-ABS due to the subjectivity and difficulty in reading fluorescence [18].
Alopecia syphilitica, from diagnosis to treatment
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Mojahed Mohammad K. Shalabi, Brooke Burgess, Samiya Khan, Eric Ehrsam, Amor Khachemoune
After treatment, hair regrowth on the scalp can be expected between 5 and 12 weeks after administration.4 Clinical monitoring 6 and 12 months after treatment is necessary. However, for HIV patients with AS, monitoring should be more frequent at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months after therapy due to the increased risk of treatment failure in this group. Nontreponemal tests such as VDRL can be used to monitor titers after treatment and should be compared with titers on the day of treatment. If the titer has not decreased over fourfold, then retreatment, serology, and follow-up should be considered. Retreatment for all patients includes weekly injections of benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units for 3 weeks.15
Ocular syphilis
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Grace L Tsan, Richard T Claiborne
Darkfield microscopy and tests, such as the polymerase chain reaction, to detect Treponema pallidum directly from lesion exudate or tissue, are the definitive methods for diagnosing early syphilis. However, serological testing remains the way most diagnoses are made. A presumptive diagnosis of syphilis requires the use of two serological tests: a nontreponemal test and a treponenmal test.10,13,18