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Industrial Agricultural Environments
Published in Kezia Barker, Robert A. Francis, Routledge Handbook of Biosecurity and Invasive Species, 2021
Robert G. Wallace, Alex Liebman, David Weisberger, Tammi Jonas, Luke Bergmann, Richard Kock, Rodrick Wallace
Other results imply breakages in scientific thinking. Modelling of Marek’s disease virus, an alphaherpesvirus that produces a variety of cancers in poultry, indicates the effects of stocking densities on pathogen mortality may depend on whether layers moult and enter a natural abeyance in laying eggs (Rozins and Day, 2017; Rozins et al., 2019). Whereas Rozins et al. (2019) argue such a result indicates improving hen welfare need not be at odds with industry economics, the high stocking densities that led to reduced egg loss in the model required the seasonal interruptions moulting imposes (and which the layer sector attempts to circumvent with counter-seasonal lighting for year-round laying). The researchers’ modelling rationale here – searching for room for industrial practices – is particularly loaded given that blaming smallholders wholesale for outbreaks and demanding biosecurity protocols that pasture producers are unable to afford for diseases rarely of their origin are now part of the industry’s standard outbreak crisis management package (Bryant and Garnham, 2014; Wallace, 2016e; Wallace, 2017; Wallace, 2018a). Forster and Charnoz (2013) and Wallace (2018a) argue such imposition extends beyond a shock doctrine by which outbreaks are used to capital’s passing financial advantage. As Ingram (2013) and Dixon (2015) describe it, biosecurity offers a mode of governance by which global capital accumulates through nature at smallholders’ expense.
Monocyte/Macrophage-Endothelial Cell Interactions
Published in Gary A. Levy, Edward H. Cole, Procoagulant Activity in Health and Disease, 2019
Edward H. Cole, Philip A. Marsden
Evidence is now accumulating to suggest that viral infections, specifically herpesvirus, predispose to atherosclerosis, in part by their effects on monocytes and endothelial cells.94 This has been emphasized in humans by the correlation between accelerated coronary artery atherosclerosis in cardiac transplant recipients and cytomegalovirus infection.95 Another herpesvirus, Marek’s disease virus, can cause atherosclerosis in specific-pathogen-free chickens.96 Some herpesviruses, such as cytomegalovirus, induce macrophage elaboration of IL-1, TNF, and CSF.97 Among these cytokines, TNF can promote synthesis of eicosanoid products that can modulate lipid metabolism in both arterial smooth muscle cells and in macrophages.98 Herpesvirus causes enhanced thrombin generation and enhanced binding of platelets to endothelium, decreased PGI2 production, increased tissue factor production, and reduced thrombomodulin expression in endothelial cells, thus promoting thrombosis.81,99 In addition, this virus interferes with normal endothelial cell fibrinolysis by inhibiting plasminogen binding and increasing plasminogen activator inhibitor.93 Recent evidence suggests induction of GMP 140 on herpesvirus-infected endothelial cells. Monocyte adhesion induced by herpesvirus infection is blocked by anti-GMP 140. This suggests that GMP 140 is a major receptor for monocyte adhesion to herpes simplex virus-infected endothelium.93
Modern Pharmacognostic Investigation of Harmal
Published in Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen, Harmal, 2017
Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen
A related study by Dawood and Qubih (2012) at the University of Mosul, Iraq, studied 140 chicks receiving a vaccine against Marek’s disease. The vaccinated animals suffered various insults such as congestion and enlargement of organs and hemorrhage that appeared to be at least partially mollified in the animals receiving also harmal seed or extract in the diet.
A transcriptomic insight into the human sperm microbiome through next-generation sequencing
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Celia Corral-Vazquez, Joan Blanco, Riccardo Aiese Cigliano, Sarrate Zaida, Francesca Vidal, Ester Anton
Finally, in five individuals we have also identified the presence of the Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2, a virus that affects poultry health (also known as Marek’s disease virus). Although such finding might seem surprising at first, the presence of this chicken virus in human sera has been already described in previously published studies (Laurent et al. 2001). In fact, zoonosis events appear to be especially common among herpesvirus (Tischer and Osterrieder 2010). This order has been observed to potentially infect almost all animal species (insects, fish, mollusks, reptiles, birds, and mammals including humans), and its components share several properties that potentially make them capable of crossing species barriers (Woźniakowski and Samorek-Salamonowicz 2015). Nevertheless, there are also controversial data about this topic in the literature (Hennig et al. 2003). We believe that more studies in this area will eventually help to clarify the potential threat that represent these zoonotic infections.
Antimicrobial peptides and other peptide-like therapeutics as promising candidates to combat SARS-CoV-2
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Masoumeh Sadat Mousavi Maleki, Mosayeb Rostamian, Hamid Madanchi
Transferrins are iron-binding proteins with antiviral activity. The most well-known transferrin is lactoferrin (LF), which is a multifunctional 80-kDa glycoprotein and is widely available in various secretory fluids. LF, first discovered in cow’s milk, is evolutionarily highly conserved and is found in humans, mice, and pigs. Its structure consists of a polypeptide chain that has a positively charged N-terminal region. The LF chain has two circular loops connected to three spiral α-helixes, each of which has an iron-binding site. There is a strong connection between two loops when iron binds (the holo-form), which makes LF resistant to proteolysis [40]. Reports have indicated that bovine lactoferrin is a potent inhibitor of a broad number of viruses and has higher antiviral effects than human lactoferrin. Lactoferrin specifically binds to the subunit A2 of the hemagglutinin and inhibits influenza virus infection and related hemagglutination [63]. Lactoferrin has been shown to inhibit infection by binding to adenovirus III and IIIa structural polypeptides targets [64]. The inhibitory effect of LF on DENV [65], Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV) [66], and HCV [67] has been investigated. Recent studies showed that LF can interfere with some of the receptors involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and also prevents the entering of the virus via ACE2 to host cells [68]. Therefore, LF may contribute to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 [68].
A Case-Cohort Study to Investigate the Excess of Liver Cancer Observed in Workers in Poultry Slaughtering & Processing Plants
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Mohammed F. Faramawi, Eric S. Johnson
Virtually everyone in the general population is exposed to viruses that are known to cause tumors in chickens, turkeys, and other domestic fowls. The viruses include 1) avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses (ALSV); 2) reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REV); 3) Marek’s disease virus (MDV); and 4) papilloma viruses (1). However, it is not known if these viruses also cause cancer in humans. Workers in poultry slaughtering and processing plants potentially have the highest known human exposures to these viruses. Thus, they represent a suitable group to investigate if the viruses cause cancer in humans. But the workers are also exposed to chemical carcinogens in the workplace that would need to be considered in such an investigation. The chemicals include 1) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during the smoking of poultry meat (2); 2) PAH and heterocyclic amines during the cooking or frying of poultry meat (3); 3) PAH, benzene, and phthalates during the wrapping of poultry products in plastic films (4); 4) nitrosamines during the curing of poultry meat (5); and 5) aflatoxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus that is present in the air of the plants (6).