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Order Bunyavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
According to the latest ICTV issues (Radoshitzky et al. 2019), the Arenaviridae family unites 4 genera with 54 species, where the genus Mammarenavirus contains 40 species including the most familiar and dangerous arenavirus strains, such as Lassa virus (LASV) from the traditional Old World arenavirus group and Guanarito virus (GTOV), Junin virus (JUNV), Machupo virus (MACV), Sabia virus (SABV), and Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV) from the traditional New World virus group, as well as Lujo virus (LUJV), which may cause severe hemorrhagic fever syndromes resulting in significant mortality. First, the observed severe cases of disease have introduced the LASV as a reference arenavirus strain to the scientific community (Buckley et al. 1970). Second, one of the reference strains that was the most-studied representative of the family by the theoretical virological and immunological investigations, namely, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), may cause not only influenza-like syndromes but also severe aseptic meningitis. LCMV exists in both geographic areas but is regarded rather as an Old World virus.
Ribavirin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Emily Woolnough, Amanda Wade, Joe Sasadeusz
Productive infection of L929 cells with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is inhibited by ribavirin at a low multiplicity of infection, but increased in the presence of ribavirin when a high multiplicity of infection is used (Gessner and Lother, 1989). An in vitro model noted that ribavirin inhibited LCMV RNA synthesis and mini-genome expression, without a significant increase in virus mutation frequencies (Ruiz-Jarabo et al., 2003).
Donor selection and management
Published in Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Edward R. Garrity, John A. Odell, LUNG Transplantation, 2016
Joseph Costa, Frank D’Ovidio, Joshua R. Sonett
Standard serologic testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV, human T-lymphotrophic virus (HTLV), and CMV, along with screening for treponemal antigen (syphilis), is routinely ordered during the workup of any potential donor. Unfortunately, in some cases unexpected transmission of HIV, HCV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCVM), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rabies, and WNV may potentially occur irrespective of the current screening guidelines.
Next-generation immunotherapy for solid tumors: combination immunotherapy with crosstalk blockade of TGFβ and PD-1/PD-L1
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2022
Hue Tu Quach, Zhaohua Hou, Rebecca Y. Bellis, Jasmeen K. Saini, Alfredo Amador-Molina, Prasad S. Adusumilli, Yuquan Xiong
Additionally, PD-1/PD-L1 ligation is also involved in TGFβ production. Up-regulated PD-1 signaling upon PD-L1 ligation or TCR engagement promote naïve T-cell polarization to regulatory phenotypes and function, resulting in TGFβ-level augmentation [97] (Figure 2). A ‘PD-1-FoxO1-PD-1’ positive feedback loop in CTL during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection was described [24]. First, FoxO1 directly binds to Pdcd1 promotor and promotes the expression of PD-1 in exhausted CD8 + T Cells, indicating FoxO1 role in PD-1 induction for the terminal differentiation of exhausted CTL. Furthermore, impaired mTOR activation results in enhanced FoxO1 activity and blockade of PD-1 in vivo increases mTOR activation. Since PD-L1 triggers PD-1 signaling AKT, mTOR, and S6 activation, it can be concluded that PD-1 maintains FoxO1 activation and facilitates its interaction with the PD-1 promoter by suppression of mTOR/S6 and following FoxO1 phosphorylation. In this model, the level of PD-1 increases even though the nuclear translocation of NFATc1 and NF-kB, which are downstream of TCR-CD28 stimulation, would be proximally inhibited by PD-1/PD-L1.
Original antigen sin and COVID-19: implications for seasonal vaccination
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Original antigenic sin has also been reported with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [54]. Haynes and colleagues observed primer-induced antibody suppression using an HIV peptide envelope immunogen in BALB/c mice consistent with original antigenic sin [55]. Interestingly, reversing the sequence of antigen exposure completely overcame HIV primer-induced antibody suppression. The immunologic mechanism has remained opaque, but it is thought that original antigenic sin may be due to faulty cytotoxic T lymphocytes that impair clearance of viruses and may enhance the immune escape of mutant viruses evolving within an individual host [56,57]. Klenerman and colleagues found that mice primed with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) respond to a subsequent infection by a novel variant with a cytotoxic T cell response directed against the initial epitope rather than against the new variant epitope [58].
Live-attenuated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-based vaccines for active immunotherapy of HPV16-positive cancer
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Sarah Schmidt, Weldy V. Bonilla, Andrea Reiter, Felix Stemeseder, Theresa Kleissner, Daniel Oeler, Ursula Berka, Ahmed El-Gazzar, Bettina Kiefmann, Sophie C. Schulha, Josipa Raguz, Mohamed Habbeddine, Marilies Scheinost, Xiaoping Qing, Henning Lauterbach, Igor Matushansky, Daniel D. Pinschewer, Klaus K. Orlinger
To date, active immunization has not induced consistent efficacy as cancer immunotherapy in clinical Phase III trials.16-18 The goal of immunotherapy by cancer vaccines is to achieve large numbers of CTLs infiltrating and targeting tumor tissues and to establish memory cells for lasting tumor control. From this perspective, replicating viral vaccines, which can deliver tumor-associated antigens in the context of viral infection, are well suited to fulfill this task. Previously, we have demonstrated the potential of this strategy by generating a stably attenuated, replicating lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-based vector.19 LCMV, the prototype member of the arenavirus family, was chosen primarily for its ability to elicit potent effector CTL responses, life-long CTL immunity and because LCMV-based vectors have demonstrated the capacity to induce tumor regression in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner.19,20 In addition, LCMV has low seroprevalence in humans21,22 and the glycosylation of its surface protein renders the host neutralizing Ab response inefficient, which allows for re-administrations of the vector.19,23 The replication-competent, stably attenuated LCMV vector can deliver tumor-associated antigens to professional antigen-presenting cells to induce potent CTL responses and triggers the release of alarmin IL-33 from lymphoid stroma cells resulting in a superior effector CTL response than that induced by replication-deficient LCMV vectors.19