China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Animal Models of Human Respiratory Viral Infections
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Kayla A. Weiss, Cory J. Knudson, Allison F. Christiaansen, Steven M. Varga
There are multiple porcine coronaviruses that cause enteric and respiratory disease resulting in large economic losses due to the high mortality following infection of neonates in the agricultural industry.104 Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infection primarily results in gastroenteritis, but is capable of infecting the respiratory tract as well.105 Although TGEV can cause significant disease in neonates, disease is very mild in adult pigs. Porcine respiratory virus (PRCoV) is a variant of TGEV with their genomes being 96% homologous.105 PRCoV replicates in lung epithelium and alveolar macrophages, and results in the development of interstitial pneumonia.105 Porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus (PEDV) is another porcine coronavirus that is genetically similar to the human coronavirus 229E.105
Molecular detections of coronavirus: current and emerging methodologies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Mingkun Diao, Lang Lang, Juan Feng, Rongsong Li
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already claimed more than 3 million deaths worldwide so far. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the genus Coronavirus, which widely exist in nature with positive-sense, single-stranded RNA as their genetic material. Seven coronaviruses have been identified to cause respiratory diseases in human, including human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 [1]. In the past two decades, the spreading of coronavirus caused three epidemics with severe symptoms and high mortality rates in patients. The SARS-CoV in late 2002, upon identified in China, quickly spread to Southeast Asia and other regions in the world. This epidemic was gradually eliminated by mid-2003 and had a mortality rate around 10% [2]. The MERS-CoV outbreak was firstly identified in Saudi Arabia in September, 2012, and quickly spread to Mid-east Asia, Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia, then ended in May, 2015. It had more than 1000 confirmed cases with a striking mortality rate of more than 35% [3]. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started in late 2019 [4]. Though the fatality rate for the ongoing pandemic is less as compared to SARS and MERS, it is much more contagious and led to far more total deaths [5].
Infection capability of SARS-CoV-2 on different surfaces
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Ranjan K. Mohapatra, Pradeep Kumar Das, Lucia Pintilie, Kuldeep Dhama
The sustainability of the SARS-CoV-2 has also been investigated by Liu et al. 2020 on different surfaces. As per the study, the virus remains active on smooth surfaces (ceramics, clothes, wood, glass, latex gloves, and surgical mask) at room temperature up to 7 days [11]. The survival time of the virus in urine and fecal samples was also reported. As per the report, there is a longer survival time of the virus in the samples collected from children as compared to those in adults. A study also claimed longest survival (6 days) of SARS-CoV by placing large virus sample (107 infectious virus particles) on a surface [12]. Duan et al. 2003 have also claimed survival of the SARS-CoV for four days using a similarly large sample (106 infectious virus particles) on a surface [13]. The longevity of both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 for up to 3 days in aerosols and 2 days on other surfaces has been reported by van Doremalen et al. 2020 [14]. A study also established long survival of human Coronavirus (229E) on surfaces (5 days) with a large viral load [15]. The survival time of the virus on different surfaces largely hinges on factors such as volume of virus inoculation and titer of virus stock. However, these concentrations are a lot higher than those in droplets in real-life situations [16]. If this is the case and SARS-CoV-2 rarely infects through contaminated surfaces, then why we are still doing deep cleaning [17]. Moreover, Choi and coworkers have discussed a clear understanding of the transmission due to surface contamination of SARS‑CoV‑2 in healthcare settings [18].
Rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Tiantian Sun, Liyun Guo, Fei Tian, Tiantian Dai, Xiaohong Xing, Junqing Zhao, Qiang Li
Of the four genera in the coronavirus subfamily [1], Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus infect mammals, and Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus mostly infect birds [2]. Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) both cause disease in humans and belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus. Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belong to the Betacoronavirus genus, of which HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1 are viruses responsible for common colds [3]. Some studies have shown a close relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS coronavirus that infects bats and to SARS-CoV. However, the change in the minimum receptor-binding domain of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is more significant, thus enhancing the virus’s ability to spread [4,5,6,7]. It has been reported that the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is more likely to bind to the surface protein of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Compared with the SARS virus, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 has a 10–20 times higher affinity for ACE2, which is mainly distributed throughout the lungs, heart, kidneys, testes, and digestive tract [8,9]. SARS-CoV-2 transmission is mainly via droplets, followed by aerosol and fecal-oral transmission [10,11].