China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Certain types of viruses including influenza viruses have the ability to bind specifically to red blood cells and cause them to agglutinate. Specific antibody inhibition of this reaction is call hemagglutination inhibition. Hemagglutination inhibition tests are used to detect the virus or antibodies against the viral agent in many such infections.
Other viral infections
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
In an epidemic, the clinical signs and symptoms may allow a clinician to make a diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of measles includes a number of viral exanthematous diseases. The case definition includes fever (>101°F) rash for more than 3 days and cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) serologic tests are the most widely used for diagnosis. A fourfold rise between acute serum (within 3 days of the rash) and convalescent serum up to 20 days later is diagnostic. The HI antibody persists for years and is useful to determine immune status. The presence of IgM HI-specific antibody will also diagnose a new case of measles. The IgM antibody will usually disappear 2 to 5 days after the appearance of the rash.
Dengue Fever: A Viral Hemorrhagic Fever of Global Concern
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Bennet Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang, Annette Angel, Vinod Joshi
Hemagglutination inhibition test (HI): The technique employs antiviral antibodies to inhibit the growth and multiplication of DENV. It is a widely used technique. Erythrocytes from goose and Turkey sources are being utilized for HI assay. However, the major limitation associated with this method is non-specificity (Clarke and Casala, 1958; Gubler, 1989; Vordam and Kuno, 1997).
Testing for genetic mutation of seasonal influenza virus
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2023
When analyzing type A flu strains, of particular interest is the protein HA, which binds to the target cell and becomes the principal target of human immune responses, see [9]. A large number of studies have been conducted on the properties of HA and its evolution and drift overtime; see [11,23], for example. Virus strains are typically characterized both genetically 4 and antigenically5. Antigenic characterizations rely on the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, which quantifies the ability of antisera raised in one virus strain to block the agglutination to red blood cells by the other strain, and this in turn measures the antigenic similarity between two strains of virus; see [15,21]. The resulting HI titer are then compared and summarized. For example, in the work of Barr et al.[1], the HI titer of strain A/Brisbane/10/2007 to itself is 5120, meaning 5120 is the highest dilution of serum that can effectively inhibit hemagglutination; see [15].
XiaoEr LianHuaQinqGan alleviates viral pneumonia in mice infected by influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Wenyan Li, Tongtong Li, Chi Zhao, Tao Song, Yao Mi, Zhang Chuangfeng, Yunlong Hou, Zhenhua Jia
Mice (n = 10) in each group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on D5 and D7. Both lungs were harvested aseptically, and individual lung (right and left lungs were processed separately) suspensions were prepared. The harvested lungs were placed in a homogenizer, and sodium chloride injection (0.9%) was added according to the lung mass (g) in a ratio of 9:1. Then, the lungs were homogenized to a suspension by manual grinding. The hemagglutination inhibition test was used to detect the hemagglutination inhibition titre of lung suspension (taking the maximum dilution multiple of complete inhibition of erythrocyte aggregation as the hemagglutination inhibition titre), and log2 (maximum dilution multiple) represented the virus titre in the lung.
Effector mechanisms of influenza-specific antibodies: neutralization and beyond
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Federica Sicca, Sam Neppelenbroek, Anke Huckriede
Neutralizing antibodies can prevent binding of the virus to the sialic acid receptor, can hamper the fusion process, or can interfere with the release of newly formed viral particles (Figure 2). Not each of these processes is neutralizing in the sense that initial entry of the target cell is prevented, however, all reduce virus spread in the first infection cycle. Traditional hemagglutination inhibition assays measure only those antibodies which interfere with binding of the virus to the host cell. Accordingly, neutralizing antibodies targeting other processes have long been overlooked.