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CD14, An Innate Immune Receptor for Various Bacterial Cell Wall Components
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Artur J. Ulmer, Volker T. El-Samalouti, Ernst T. Rietschel, Hans-Dieter Flad, Roman Dziarski
It should be noted that the concept of biologically active LTA has been challenged (63). Chemically synthesized structures resembling LTA (LTA-1 and LTA-2) of Enterococcus hirae (69) ar not active in inducing cytokines and antitumor activity. It appears, therefore, that the biological activity of purified natural LTA is not due to the main constituent of the LTA preparations but to other, so far unknown, compounds (70).
Medicinal Plants: A Potent Antimicrobial Source and An Alternative to Combat Antibiotic Resistance
Published in Jayanta Kumar Patra, Gitishree Das, Sanjeet Kumar, Hrudayanath Thatoi, Ethnopharmacology and Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Shraddha Chauhan, Reecha Sahu, Lata S. B. Upadhyay
In 1942, the first peptides were reported having inhibitory effect on microorganisms (Balls, Hale and Harris, 1942). They contain disulfide bond and have positive charge (Zhang and Lewis, 1997). They inhibit the activity of microbes either by forming ion channels in microbial membrane or by inhibiting the action of enzymes and protein present inside the microbes. Thionins are active peptides used against yeast and bacteria (De Caleya et al., 1972). As per reports some of the thionin derivatives are potential agents against fungi but not for bacteria (Kragh et al., 1995). A newly identified peptide residue fabatin inhibit E. coli, P. aeruginosa as well as Enterococcus hirae but are not active against Candida or Saccharomyces (Zhang and Lewis, 1997). Lectins are proteins present in nature and in many plant species. They are generally active against viral infections (Balzarini et al., 1991). Few useful antimicrobial plant compounds are summarized in Table 12.5.
Various Applications of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao)
Published in Tariq Aftab, M. Naeem, M. Masroor, A. Khan, Artemisia annua, 2017
Himanshu Misra, Mauji Ram, Ashish Bharillya, Darshana Mehta, Bhupendra Kumar Mehta, Dharam Chand Jain
The essential oil of A. annua aerial parts, consisting of camphor (44%), germacrene D (16%), trans-pinocarveol (11%), β-selinene (9%), β-caryophyllene (9%), and Artemisia ketone (3%), was screened for its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, S. aureus, Enterococcus hirae, C. albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of tested Gram (+) bacteria E. hirae and both tested fungi (C. albicans and S. cerevisiae). This oil has shown an antioxidant activity equivalent to 18% of the reference compound (α-tocopherol) (Juteau et al., 2002).
Enterococcus hirae infections in the clinical practice
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Daniele Piccinini, Enos Bernasconi, Caroline Di Benedetto, Gladys Martinetti Lucchini, Marco Bongiovanni
Recently in this journal the incidence and risk factors for development of enterococcal bloodstream infection was evaluated on a population basis. The disease occurred predominantly in older adults with co-morbidity, and cancer in particular [1]. As compared with Enterococcus faecalis, patients with E. faecium were more likely to be of hospital-onset and more likely to have an intra-absominant/pelvic focus. We here add information on E. hirus, a third enterococcal species which is only rarely reported in human infection. Enterococcus hirae, which was first identified in 1985 [2], is a well-documented cause of infections in animals (e.g. diarrhoea in rats, endocarditis in chickens, mastitis in cattle, cholangitis and pancreatitis in cats, septicaemia in birds), but human infections are relatively rare, ranging from 0.4% to 3.03% of all enterococcal infections according to the latest studies [3]. In particular, pyelonephritis, infective endocarditis and biliary tract infections due to E. hirae have been reported in the past [4–9]; although E. hirae has been found to cause severe diseases in humans, few cases have been reported to date due to the difficult in identifying the bacteria, and the lack of comprehensive reports on clinical characteristics and treatments [10].
Elucidating the gut microbiota composition and the bioactivity of immunostimulatory commensals for the optimization of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Romain Daillère, Bertrand Routy, Anne-Gaëlle Goubet, Alexandria Cogdill, Gladys Ferrere, Carolina Alves-Costa Silva, Aurélie Fluckiger, Pierre Ly, Yacine Haddad, Eugenie Pizzato, Cassandra Thelemaque, Marine Fidelle, Marine Mazzenga, Maria Paula Roberti, Cléa Melenotte, Peng Liu, Safae Terrisse, Oliver Kepp, Guido Kroemer, Laurence Zitvogel, Lisa Derosa
Enterococcus hirae has been one of the first bacterial isolates that show antitumoral potential in combination with chemotherapy. This Gram+ bacterium is essential to mediate the antitumoral efficacy of cyclophosphamide (CTX), a prominent alkylating anticancer agent.21,75 CTX promotes the translocation of E. hirae in secondary lymphoid organs (mLN and spleen), inducing FNγ (and IL-17) producing CD4 + T cells and Tc1 cells. Moreover, the combination of E. hirae and CTX reduced Treg numbers in sarcomas, culminating in a significant rise of the CD8/Foxp3 ratio, which in turn anticorrelated with tumor size.21 Hence, oral gavage with E. hirae restored the antitumoral efficacy of CTX lost in ATB-treated mice. In advanced cancer patients, memory CD4+ Th1 cell responses against E. hirae were associated with survival in CTX- or anti-PD-127 antibody-treated individuals. While the prevalence of E. hirae is minimally detected using shotgun metagenomics-based analyses of patient stool, culturomics allowed for the isolation of E. hirae colonies in 20% cancer patients. Diagnosis of E. hirae in stool culturomics of NSCLC patients at diagnosis before starting second-line PD-1 blockade predicted prolonged survival.28 An independent study revealed that the frequency of circulating T cells recognizing E. hirae correlated with robust CD8+ T cell responses and better prognosis in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma,76 suggesting the clinical significance of this particular bacterium across different malignancies.
Aortic valve endocarditis from Enterococcus hirae infection
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2019
Callie Gittemeier Ebeling, Bryan Tyler Romito
The organism’s propensity to form biofilms is fundamental to its virulence and ability to produce invasive infections.6 Accurate species identification is challenging due to aberrant phenotypes and the fact that many laboratories do not routinely identify Enterococcus to the species level.13E. hirae infections are severe, difficult to treat, and prone to recurrence. Our case is the first to describe the development of an aortic root abscess. In a large prospective cohort study of 2781 patients with infective endocarditis from any organism, abscess was noted to be the most common paravalvular complication (14.4%).1 In conclusion, this report describes the successful management of a patient with Enterococcus hirae-associated aortic valve endocarditis.