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Prologue
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
After global success of both vaccines, the VLP-based hepatitis E vaccine was approved in 2011. Then, numerous animal vaccines followed, where, for example, nonchimeric circovirus and parvovirus VLPs were approved as vaccines against infections in pigs and dogs. Other animal vaccines were generated against calicivirus (RHDV), papillomavirus (BPV and CRPV), reovirus (BTV), birnavirus (AHSV), and other viruses by using the appropriate natural VLPs. It is important to emphasize that all previously mentioned vaccines were based on the expression of the natural, unmodified, or nonchimeric viral genes and could be therefore identified as the natural or native VLPs. These and other numerous vaccines and vaccine candidates are described in the corresponding chapters.
VLP Vaccines
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
VLP technology gave birth to two popular human vaccines to date. First, the prophylactic hepatitis B vaccine of the 22-nm particles of hepatitis B virus surface (HBs) antigen produced in yeast and applied since 1986 in human healthcare. Second, the cervical cancer vaccine that is composed from the human papillomavirus VLPs produced in yeast or baculovirus expression systems, which went on the market in 2006 and 2007, respectively.After these two global vaccines, the VLP-based hepatitis E vaccine was approved in 2011. It is necessary to call special attention to the fact that these vaccines are based on the recombinant but not chimeric VLPs. The same is true for the animal vaccines, where non-chimeric circovirus and parvovirus VLPs were accepted as vaccines against infections in pigs and dogs. Other animal vaccines were generated against calicivirus (RHDV), papillomavirus (BPV and CRPV), reovirus (BTV), and birnavirus (AHSV) infections by using the appropriate non-chimeric VLPs. The introduction of the chimeric VLPs as vaccines is forthcoming.
Sapovirus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Shoko Okitsu, Pattara Khamrin, Niwat Maneekarn, Hiroshi Ushijima
Among the caliciviruses, SaV has been reported as a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis with less frequency than NoV. SaVs are subdivided into five genogroups (GI–GV) with GI, GII, GIV, and GV infecting humans, and GIII infecting pigs. Extensive surveillance of SaV infections in human and animals in different countries needs to be conducted in order to identity the emergence of novel SaV strains and to understand the full spectrum of epidemiology and evolution of SaV infections. To date, no vaccine or antiviral drug is available for the prevention and treatment of human SaV infection. The mechanism of viral binding and entry into the target cells as well as the replication cycle of human SaVs are currently undefined due to the lack of a cell culture system. Use of cell culture–adapted porcine SaVs as a model and development of a culture system for human SaV may help better understand the biology and pathogenesis of the virus in the future.
Vaccines against gastroenteritis, current progress and challenges
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Hyesuk Seo, Qiangde Duan, Weiping Zhang
There are several norovirus vaccine candidates under clinical or preclinical studies. Because norovirus is unculturable under current cell culture system, developing attenuated whole-cell vaccines becomes prohibitable. Consequently, calicivirus vaccine candidates under investigation are largely based on viral proteins. Norovirus major capsid protein VP1, when expressed in eukaryotic cells, forms virus-like particles (VLP) to exhibit antigenicity similarly to native viral particles. Additionally, the P domain of VP1 after being linked to a polypeptide and expressed in cell culture also aggregates into particles (P particle). Therefore, VP1 virus-like particles and P particles of global pandemic genotype GII.4 and the regional endemic GI genotypes are the primary antigens for norovirus vaccine development.
Progress on norovirus vaccine research: public health considerations and future directions
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Claire P. Mattison, Cristina V. Cardemil, Aron J. Hall
The genus Norovirus includes a genetically and antigenically diverse group of viruses within the family Caliciviridae (i.e. caliciviruses) and consist of at least seven genogroups, three of which – GI, GII, and GIV – infect humans [4]. Genotype GII.4 causes the majority of norovirus outbreaks worldwide, and until 2012 new GII.4 variants emerged every 2–4 years [5,6]. The norovirus genome has three open reading frames (ORFs) of which ORF2 and ORF3 encode the major capsid protein (VP1) that determines the antigenicity of the virus, as well as the minor capsid protein (VP2). ORF1 encodes a large polyprotein that is cleaved by the viral protease in mature nonstructural proteins, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [7]. To date, all norovirus vaccine candidates contain noninfectious recombinant VP1 proteins, either as virus-like particles (VLP), as P-particles, or as recombinant adenoviruses.
Hydrogen peroxide vapour treatment inactivates norovirus but has limited effect on post-treatment viral RNA levels
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2019
Torsten Holmdahl, Inga Odenholt, Kristian Riesbeck, Patrik Medstrand, Anders Widell
Noroviruses are divided into at least five genogroups. Three of them (I, II and IV), infect humans while norovirus genogroup III infects cattle, and genogroup V, (the murine norovirus), infects mice. Human norovirus and murine norovirus are structurally similar and share tissue tropism for enterocytes in the gut of the respective species [11]. Another calicivirus, although not classified as a norovirus, which is often used for research is the feline calicivirus [12], a respiratory virus, which causes significant morbidity in cats [13].