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Out of Nowhere
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
After a major outbreak of Ebola Zaire disease in the DRC in 2007, there were numerous reports of a mysterious illness in the Bundibugyo District of western Uganda at the end of the year. A novel EBOV virus species was identified in diagnostic samples submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This fifth Ebola subtype was called Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) and in response to its detection, an international outbreak response found a large number of the confirmed patients reported having had direct contact with a single person who died of a severe hemorrhagic febrile illness consistent with EVD in November 2007. Bleeding from any site was reported in 54% of patients with a confirmed diagnosis. As with all previous large EBOV outbreaks, there was a temporal lag of approximately 3 months between the initial cases and the identification of Ebola virus as the cause of the outbreak, allowing for prolonged person-to-person transmission of the virus. Ultimately, there were 131 identified cases with a mortality rate of 32%.116,117
African Cities and Ebola
Published in Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Adriana Allen, Handbook of Global Urban Health, 2019
Zacchaeus Anywaine, Ggayi Abubaker Mustapher
Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a severe viral illness caused by infection with one of the five known Ebola virus species (Zheng et al. 2015). The first cases of EVD occurred in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan (currently South Sudan) and the other in Yambuku, Zaire (currently the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)). The Zaire cases were mainly from Yambuku, a small village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name. Similarly, the virus species have taken the names of places where subsequent outbreaks have happened, and these are: Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Tai Forest ebolavirus (TAFV) (formerly known as Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus), Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) and Reston ebolavirus (REBOV). Of the five species, ZEBOV is the most pathogenic in humans, followed by SEBOV, BEBOV and lastly TAFV. REBOV is known only to be pathogenic to non-human primates (Feldmann and Geisbert 2011).
Viruses
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
Epidemics of Sudan ebolavirus have also been documented since 1976, with mortality rates ranging from 36% to 53% (Tseng and Chan 2015). An outbreak of Bundibugyo ebolavirus occurred in 2007 in Uganda with a 25% mortality rate (Tseng and Chan 2015). The reservoir is currently unknown but is suspected to also be linked to bats (Cárdenas and Basler 2013). Only one case of Taï Forest ebolavirus has been documented in humans, which occurred in a researcher performing a necropsy on a chimpanzee; she survived (Rougeron et al. 2015).
Ebola vaccine trials: progress in vaccine safety and immunogenicity
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Keesha M. Matz, Andrea Marzi, Heinz Feldmann
Ebolaviruses, in the Filoviridae family, were first recognized in 1976 during simultaneous outbreaks in what is now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan [1,2]. Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), representing the Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus species of the genus Ebolavirus, respectively, have been implicated as the cause of human disease outbreaks in Africa with case fatality rates ranging from 25% to 90% [3]. Ebola virus disease (EVD) initially starts with rather unspecific symptoms such as fever, headache, myalgia, and arthralgia, quickly developing into severe diarrhea, systemic inflammatory responses, vascular permeability and coagulopathies leading to multi-organ failure followed by shock and death [4]. Ebolaviruses are zoonotic in nature and animal-to-human transmission has occurred during spillover events with bats (tentative reservoir) as well as nonhuman primates (intermediate/amplifying as well as end host) [5,6]. Human-to-human transmission can occur within a population through close contact with blood and bodily fluids from infected individuals [7,8]. There are no ebolavirus-specific vaccines or antivirals licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); however, the Chinese, Russian and European regulatory agencies have approved three EBOV vaccines.
Recent advances in the development and evaluation of molecular diagnostics for Ebola virus disease
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
John Tembo, Edgar Simulundu, Katendi Changula, Dale Handley, Matthew Gilbert, Moses Chilufya, Danny Asogun, Rashid Ansumana, Nathan Kapata, Francine Ntoumi, Giuseppe Ippolito, Alimuddin Zumla, Matthew Bates
Viruses from the family Filoviridae can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), including Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Marburg virus disease (MVD) [1]. There are five known Ebolavirus species, namely Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, and Reston ebolavirus, represented by the following viruses, respectively, Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV), Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Reston virus (RESTV) [2]. There is also one newly proposed ebolavirus isolated from insectivorous bats, Bombali virus (BOMV), as yet not known to cause human disease [3]. There is only one known marburgvirus species, Marburg marburgvirus, with two known viruses, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV) [2]. There is a third genus within the Filoviridae called Cuevavirus that is not linked to VHF in humans.
Small animal models of filovirus disease: recent advances and future directions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Robert W. Cross, Karla A. Fenton, Thomas W. Geisbert
There are 5 species of Ebolavirus that have been isolated to date, three of which are known to be highly pathogenic for humans: Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV, ~ 70–90% CFR), Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV, ~ 50% CFR), and Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV, ~ 37% CFR) [16]. Tai Forest ebolavirus (TAFV) was isolated from an infected human whom subsequently recovered [17], no other human cases have been reported to date. Reston ebolavirus (RESTV) was responsible for a large outbreak of VHF in several NHP holding facilities, but no evidence of human disease has been associated with infection of this virus; despite clear evidence of seroconversion due to exposure [18–20]. Recently, evidence of a novel filovirus, termed Llovio virus, was discovered in bat populations in Spain, France, and Portugal. The virus has been classified as a possible filovirus due to genomic similarity as well as some parallels with other filovirus GP function [21,22]. To date, Llovio virus has not been found in nature despite genomic RNA being found in association with histopathology of found dead bats in these areas. The virus also has yet to be recreated via a reverse genetics approach for generation of an infectious clone [23].