China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Parasite's Way of Life
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
As discussed in Chapter 1 and the historical overview, many parasites rely on vectors to achieve transmission. Parasites typically move between vector and host as the vector takes a blood meal. Most vectors are arthropods and the roster of parasites (eukaryotic, prokaryotic or viral) that rely on arthropod vector transmission is long. The Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit Plasmodium may be the best known example. Mosquitoes also serve as vectors for the transmission of those nematodes in the genera Wuchereria and Brugia that cause filariasis. Other well-known examples include tsetse flies (genus Glossina), which transmit sleeping sickness (caused by kinetoplast protozoa in the Trypanosoma brucei species complex), cone-nosed or kissing bugs, which transmit Chagas disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi), and sand flies, which transmit leishmaniasis. Other parasites such as apicomplexans in the genus Babesia rely on non-insect arthropods, specifically ticks in the genera Ixodes or Rhipicephalus. As we already noted in Chapter 1 (see Box 1.1) the importance of ticks as vectors is increasing due to climate change, habitat alteration and other human-induced changes in the environment. Relapsing fever, caused by the spirochete bacterium Borrelia miyamotoi, is just one example of a newly emerging disease, resulting in part from the range expansion and increasing density of its ixodid tick vectors.
Mycotoxins and Tick-Borne Disease
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
It is well-known that co-infections of ticks with various pathogens including Babesia, Bartonella, and ehrlichiosis occur.36 The CDC has listed several other co-infections and Borrelia variants on their website.37 It is interesting to note that the CDC acknowledges that variant strains of Borrelia, such as Borrelia miyamotoi, Borrelia hermsii, B. parkerii, and B. turicatae, are not identified by current two-tier testing. The presence of co-infections often causes differences in clinical presentation and laboratory testing and may make treatment of the patient more challenging. Additional antimicrobials or a longer period of treatment is often required.
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove
Borrelia miyamotoi disease is a newly recognized borreliosis globally transmitted by ticks of the Ixodes persulcatus species complex. Similar to Lyme disease, it is successfully treated with either doxycycline or AMOX (Telford et al., 2015).
Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans in Belgium for the period 2013–2016.
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2019
Mony Hing, Dorien Van Den Bossche, Tinne Lernout, Christel Cochez, Jean-Paul Pirnay, Walter Heuninckx
Ticks are important vectors of zoonotic pathogens affecting humans and (domestic) animals. The Ixodes ricinus tick (castor bean tick) is a chiefly European species, which can be found from Ireland to the Ural and from northern Sweden to North Africa, and has frequently been reported to bite humans [2]. Ticks primarily ‘quest’ to find hosts from spring to autumn in microenvironments with more than 85% relative humidity in woodland areas as well as in suburban and urban environments and roadsides. Ticks can become infected with various pathogens when feeding on mammals (e.g. rodents, deer, livestock) that carry these pathogens in their blood. The list of these tick-borne pathogens is expanding continuously, including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Borrelia miyamotoi, Francisella tularensis, Rickettsia spp., Babesia divergens and Babesia microti, Neoehrlichia mikurensis, the tick-borne encephalitis virus and, last but not least, A. phagocytophilum [2,3].
Advances in multiplex nucleic acid diagnostics for blood-borne pathogens: promises and pitfalls - an update
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Robert Duncan, Elena Grigorenko, Carolyn Fisher, Donna Hockman, Bryan Lanning
Tick-borne pathogenic agents continue to emerge as blood safety threats. Babesia microti is well characterized and an FDA approved assay is available, however other recently emerged agents transmitted by the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis), increasingly demonstrate expanded geographic ranges, clinical case reports and more evidence of transmission by blood transfusion. During the last five years, several newly described tick-borne viral agents have also emerged and potentially may be transmitted by blood transfusion [2]. Examples of emerging tick-borne agents include the obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, causing infections that range from asymptomatic to more severe disease and death in less than 1% of cases [3]; Ehrlichia chaffeensis, which causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), is primarily found in the southeastern US and is transmitted by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum [4]; of widespread concern the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease), is not typically a blood-borne agent due to its unique biology, however Borrelia miyamotoi, the agent of relapsing fever in the Northeast US, has been transfusion transmitted in a murine model [5].
Seropositivity to Midichloria mitochondrii (order Rickettsiales) as a marker to determine the exposure of humans to tick bite
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Valentina Serra, Viktoria Krey, Christina Daschkin, Alessandra Cafiso, Davide Sassera, Horst-Günter Maxeiner, Letizia Modeo, Carsten Nicolaus, Claudio Bandi, Chiara Bazzocchi
Ixodes ricinus, the main vector of LB in Europe [5], presents a wide geographical distribution throughout the European continent [8–10]. Moreover, this tick is responsible for the transmission of over 90% of the TBDs occurring in this area [11], being also a competent vector of other pathogens, including spotted fever group Rickettsia species, Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia divergens and Babesia microti. Human cases of parasitism by I. ricinus are rising, and many factors are involved in the current spread of this species [12,13] leading to a higher risk of tick bite exposure.