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Communicable diseases
Published in Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter, Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter
Lyme disease is already endemic in the United Kingdom. It was first described in 1975 in Old Lyme, Connecticut, when several children developed acute arthritis. The causal agent in North America is Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by the bite of the Ixodes tick, which lives on wild animals (especially deer). It is not transmissible person to person. In Europe and Asia, the main organisms causing Lyme disease are Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii.
The potential for CXCL13 in CSF as a differential diagnostic tool in central nervous system infection
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Ilias Masouris, Matthias Klein, Uwe Ködel
The CSF CXCL13 levels may also vary between subspecies of the infectious agent. Three Borrelia subspecies are responsible for most LNB infections worldwide: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia afzelii. The infectious agent has impact on the clinical course of the infection. For instance, the Bannwarth syndrome, the typical LNB manifestation in Europe, is mainly evoked by infection with Borrelia garinii, while Borrelia afzelii causes a more unspecific clinical feature with less radicular and meningeal symptoms [35,131,132]. These two subspecies are the most common pathogens in Europe, in North America however, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto is the only pathogenic spirochete found and here, meningitis is the most common clinical LNB presentation. CSF abnormalities are more prominent and frequent in Borrelia garinii infections than Borrelia afzelii [132]. Thus, it is possible that the above-mentioned distinct features between the different subspecies may reflect in the immune response and further the expression of CXCL13. Since the isolation and detection of the Borrelia subspecies is not usually part of clinical routine, this could be a potential factor for variable CXCL13 CSF levels across studies.
A Case of Lyme Disease Presenting as Bilateral Panuveitis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Bo Hyun Park, Han Jo Kwon, Sung Who Park, Jeong Eun Lee, Iksoo Byon
Lyme disease is a tick-borne infection caused by the spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii.1 The B. burgdorferi sensu lato infection affects multiple organs and presents with clinical manifestations including dermatologic, neurologic, cardiac, and ophthalmologic disorders. Approximately 1–4% of patients with Lyme disease present with ocular symptoms.