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Ticks
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
Babesiosis. Human babesiosis is a tick-borne disease primarily associated with two protozoa of the family Piroplasmordia: Babesia microti and Babesia divergens, although other newly recognized species may also cause human infection. In 2018, there were 2,160 cases of human babesiosis reported in the United States.4 The disease is a malaria-like syndrome characterized by fever, fatigue, and hemolytic anemia lasting from several days to a few months. In terms of clinical manifestations, babesiosis may vary widely, from asymptomatic infection to a severe, rapidly fatal disease.
Ticks
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
Human babesiosis is a tick-borne disease primarily associated with two protozoa of the family Piroplasmordia: Babesia microti and Babesia divergens, although other newly recognized species may also cause human infection (Figure 30.7). The disease is a malaria-like syndrome characterized by fever, fatigue, and hemolytic anemia lasting from several days to a few months. In terms of clinical manifestations, babesiosis may vary widely, from asymptomatic infection to a severe, rapidly fatal disease. The first demonstrated case of human babesiosis in the world was reported in Europe in 1957. Since then, there have been at least 28 additional cases in Europe.67 Most European cases occurred in asplenic individuals and were caused by Babesia divergens, a cattle parasite. In the United States there have been thousands of cases of babesiosis (most with intact spleens), mainly caused by Babesia microti, mostly from southern New England, and specifically Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, Shelter Island, Long Island, and Connecticut.68,69 In 2015, there were 2074 cases reported by the CDC.18 In the United States, cases of human infection by Babesia microti are caused by bites from the same tick that transmits the agent of Lyme borreliosis, Ixodes scapularis. The tick vector in Europe is believed to be the European castor bean tick, Ixodes ricinus, one of the most commonly encountered ticks in Central and Western Europe.
Clindamycin and Lincomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Human babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne malaria-like infection. Babesia organisms are intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasites, and disease may be caused by either Babesia divergens or Babesia microti. Infection with B. divergens is regarded as a medical emergency, and patients require timely medical treatment. Patients have been successfully treated with clindamycin-containing regimens (Homer et al., 2000; Kjemtrup and Conrad, 2000; Morch et al., 2015; Vannier and Krause, 2009). A 7- to 10-day regimen of intravenous clindamycin and quinine is considered the treatment of choice for severe babesiosis (Vannier and Krause, 2012).
Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in humans in Belgium for the period 2013–2016.
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2019
Mony Hing, Dorien Van Den Bossche, Tinne Lernout, Christel Cochez, Jean-Paul Pirnay, Walter Heuninckx
Ticks are important vectors of zoonotic pathogens affecting humans and (domestic) animals. The Ixodes ricinus tick (castor bean tick) is a chiefly European species, which can be found from Ireland to the Ural and from northern Sweden to North Africa, and has frequently been reported to bite humans [2]. Ticks primarily ‘quest’ to find hosts from spring to autumn in microenvironments with more than 85% relative humidity in woodland areas as well as in suburban and urban environments and roadsides. Ticks can become infected with various pathogens when feeding on mammals (e.g. rodents, deer, livestock) that carry these pathogens in their blood. The list of these tick-borne pathogens is expanding continuously, including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Borrelia miyamotoi, Francisella tularensis, Rickettsia spp., Babesia divergens and Babesia microti, Neoehrlichia mikurensis, the tick-borne encephalitis virus and, last but not least, A. phagocytophilum [2,3].
Global meta-analysis on Babesia infections in human population: prevalence, distribution and species diversity
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Solomon Ngutor Karshima, Magdalene Nguvan Karshima, Musa Isiyaku Ahmed
Zoonotic babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne protozoan disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia, family Babesiidae, order Piroplasmorida and phylum Apicomplexa. The disease is predominantly caused by three parasites namely; Babesia divergens, B. microti and B. venatorum and transmitted by tick vectors. Although these zoonotic Babesia species are capable of infecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts across the globe, they require competent vertebrates and arthropod vectors; particularly ticks to complete their life cycle [1]. The sexual stage of the life cycle occurs in the tick vectors while the asexual stage occurs within the erythrocytes of the vertebrate host [2,3].
Seropositivity to Midichloria mitochondrii (order Rickettsiales) as a marker to determine the exposure of humans to tick bite
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Valentina Serra, Viktoria Krey, Christina Daschkin, Alessandra Cafiso, Davide Sassera, Horst-Günter Maxeiner, Letizia Modeo, Carsten Nicolaus, Claudio Bandi, Chiara Bazzocchi
Ixodes ricinus, the main vector of LB in Europe [5], presents a wide geographical distribution throughout the European continent [8–10]. Moreover, this tick is responsible for the transmission of over 90% of the TBDs occurring in this area [11], being also a competent vector of other pathogens, including spotted fever group Rickettsia species, Borrelia miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia divergens and Babesia microti. Human cases of parasitism by I. ricinus are rising, and many factors are involved in the current spread of this species [12,13] leading to a higher risk of tick bite exposure.