China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Adenovirus
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Jennifer McGuire, Joseph R. Berger
Polymerase chain reaction has been used to diagnose adenoviral myocarditis, an entity difficult to diagnose by culture or histopathology alone [82,83]. PCR has also been used to look for persistent or latent adenoviral infection in tissue samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [45,84]. In HIV-infected patients, PCR has been shown to be a sensitive and specific tool for detecting adenovirus in various samples during acute infection and to determine the presence of asymptomatic viral shedding [85]. Investigational multiplex PCR assays allow the detection of several viruses in a single test and the possibility of rapid diagnosis of adenovirus in children with acute respiratory infections [86,87]. Multiplex PCR has been found to be more sensitive than viral culture for the diagnosis of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis [86]. Though the experience with CSF PCR for adenovirus is limited, it is likely more sensitive than other measures to detect the virus.
How to master MCQs
Published in Chung Nen Chua, Li Wern Voon, Siddhartha Goel, Ophthalmology Fact Fixer, 2017
Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis can occasionally give rise to severe membranous conjunctivitis with punctal occlusion and Symblepharon. The keratitis seen is caused by viral replication within the epithelium. With time, the keratitis progresses to subepithelial infiltration which is likely to be an immune response. Corneal neovascularisation is not a feature of this condition. Systemic acyclovir is of no use. In patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis, or those with reduced vision from the keratitis, steroids may be used with caution.
Idoxuridine
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Idoxuridine is of no value for adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, but it may be effective for varicella-zoster keratitis (Pavan-Langston and McCulley, 1973). In these diseases, the rapid synthesis of viral DNA in the superficial part of the cornea is more sensitive to idoxuridine than in the slowly proliferating corneal cells.
COVID-19-related Conjunctivitis Review: Clinical Features and Management
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
William Binotti, Pedram Hamrah
Interestingly, topical povidone-iodine has been suggested as a possible prophylaxis during accidental ocular exposure to SARS-CoV-2.47 A recent in vitro study with adenovirus showed topical povidone-iodine at different concentrations to be effective against most ocular adenoviral types within 1–5 minutes, especially at 5% solution.48 It is postulated that its use either as eye drops or as in-office irrigation can help in the reduction of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis transmission.42,49 Although it has been found to be highly effective against coronavirus in vitro,50,51in vivo studies are required to indicate ocular povidone-iodine as a post-exposure prophylaxis treatment. Nonetheless, its use is well-established in ophthalmology for preoperative antisepsis, and thus its high effectiveness against coronavirus is reassuring for ongoing surgeries that occur during the pandemic.52
In Vivo confocal microscopy findings after COVID-19 infection
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Mehmet Serhat Mangan, Ayse Yildiz-Tas, Merve Beyza Yildiz, Elvin Yildiz, Afsun Sahin
The clinical and IVCM findings of a young patient who developed conjunctivitis followed by unilateral multiple subepithelial infiltrates in the aftermath of a COVID-19 infection have been reported in the current article. We think that, ocular findings started as conjunctival redness during the COVID-19 infection, with the hyperemia then regressing and subepithelial infiltrates developing during the later stage, indicate a viral etiology and secondary immune mechanisms. More research is needed to prove this hypothesis. Multiple small subepithelial infiltrates that were seen in our patient were significantly different from that of subepithelial infiltrates observed in adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). In AKC, subepithelial infiltrates tend to be larger and are stained by fluorescein during activity.8–10 Also, conjunctivitis does not accompany to subepithelial infiltrate phase. However, in our case the infiltrates were much smaller, deeper and were not stained with fluorescein. IVCM findings are very well demonstrated for AKC in the literature.8–10 There are clumps of mature dendritic cells around the infiltrates in AKC. However, in our case we observed a significant subbasal nerve loss which was not typically seen in AKC. Decreased corneal sensitivity also supported this IVCM findings clinically.
“A prospective study on the clinical course and proposed morphological classification scheme of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis.”
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2021
Amrita Mohanty, Sanchita Mitra, Sujata Das, Smrutirekha Priyadarshini, Srikant K Sahu
Microsporidia could be confirmed from corneal smear examination with potassium hydroxide plus calcofluor white (KOH+CFW- 96.7% detection rate), modified Ziehl-Neelsen (93.3% detection rate), and modified trichrome stain.11Allthough, reportedly treated with a variety of topical antiseptics (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB; chlorhexidine),12 topical antibiotics or antifungals (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, fluconazole, voriconazole, and fumagillin),5–10,12–16 oral albendazole and itraconazole,17–19and repeated debridement or swabbing.20 There is no consensus on the treatment protocol.21,22Majority of the disease are underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as atypical adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis and treated with topical steroids or anti-viral empirically. Based on a prospective randomized clinical trial of 145 cases, we observed Microsporidial epithelial keratitis to be a self-limiting condition and may need only symptomatic care.23