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“Omics” Technologies in Vaccine Research
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Vaccines provide production by means of adaptive immunity, and the innate immunity acts as an intermediate between antigens found in the vaccine and the adaptive immunity of the vaccinee. Also, identification of molecular signatures induced by vaccination is important to define the elements underlying the adaptive immune responses. Thus, the immune responses providing protection will be predicted to evaluate the potency of vaccines or to identify the unresponsive individuals. Interactions among the vaccine, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity can be investigated in detail via systems biology approaches (Buonaguro and Pulendran 2011; Petrizzo et al. 2012). It is also important to investigate the repertoire of B cell and T cell receptors needed for adaptive immune responses. The dynamic immune repertoire can be identified using high-throughput sequencing technologies via computational and systems immunology strategies (Miho et al. 2018).
Correlates of malaria vaccine efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Danielle I. Stanisic, Matthew B. B. McCall
An interesting new field of research that has emerged in part from systems immunology approaches such as described above, relates to immunological and other signatures present prior to immunization that are predictive of vaccine immunogenicity and/or protective efficacy. Such signatures may be genetically determined, shaped by an individual’s prior exposure to the pathogen, other environmental exposure(s), or both. Regardless, they may lead to a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the acquisition of protection. Moreover, they may help identify individuals or groups of recipients in whom vaccine immunogenicity will be sub-optimal and suggest potential strategies to tailor ‘personalized’ vaccine approaches and/or improve one-size–fits-all approaches. Baseline signatures have been identified that predict responses to amongst others influenza [99–102] and hepatitis B vaccination [103–105]. Evidence is even emerging that common baseline signatures may predict responses to diverse vaccines [106]. Our understanding of baseline predictors of malaria vaccine efficacy is still somewhat fragmentary, however (Box 2).
The use of databases, data mining and immunoinformatics in vaccinology: where are we?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Nagendra R. Hegde, S. Gauthami, H. M. Sampath Kumar, Jagadeesh Bayry
Systems immunology, which includes transcriptomic, proteomic, and immunomic analysis of responses to infectious agents, vaccine antigens, and adjuvants, has recently revolutionized vaccine development. Importantly, attempts have been made to understand signature immunological markers during responses to natural infection versus following vaccination in order to better define correlates of protection, especially that of cell-mediated responses, and to identify early predictors of vaccine efficacy [65,124–126]. In addition, stimulation and polarization of immune responses by using specific adjuvants or delivery systems [16,127,128] have also accelerated approaches to induce directed immune functions. Furthermore, it has been suggested that biomarker screening could be used to rapidly identify adverse reactions to adjuvants [129–131].