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Order Martellivirales: Togaviridae
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Hikke et al. (2016) used CHIKV, in parallel with SAV (see later), to develop the alphavirus core-like particle platform as an alternative to the whole enveloped VLPs. The CHIKV core-like particles were produced to high levels in insect cells by expression of the CHIKV capsid protein. The core-like particles were found in dense nuclear bodies within the infected cell nucleus. It is noteworthy that the eGFP gene was inserted at the N-terminus of the CHIKV capsid sequence and the eGFP-capsid fusion protein was visible only in a confined area within the nucleus, whereas the GFP control protein freely diffused throughout the cell (Hikke et al. 2016). However, the ability of the fusion protein to self-assemble was not addressed.
Non-VLPs
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Singer's team originally published detailed methodological protocols for the MS2-based imaging in yeast and mammalian cells (Wells et al. 2007a,b; Zenklusen et al. 2007). Numerous other detailed papers on the highly-sensitive imaging methodology followed (Dahm et al. 2008; Long and Urbinati 2008; Querido and Chartrand 2008; Santangelo et al. 2012; Kalo et al. 2013; Yunger et al. 2013; Corrigan and Chubb 2015; Rino et al. 2015, 2016, 2017; Bahar Halpern and Itzkovitz 2016; Cho et al. 2016; Chubb 2016; Martin RM et al. 2016; Moon and Park 2016; Park HY and Song 2016; Tantale et al. 2016; Tsanov et al. 2016; Chen Mingming et al. 2017; Dacheux et al. 2017; Germier et al. 2017; Haimovich et al. 2017; Ramat et al. 2017; Tamburino et al. 2017; Perez-Romero et al. 2018; Tutucci et al. 2018b). Shanbhag and Greenberg (2013) presented a detailed protocol on how to create multiple nuclease-induced DNA double-strand breaks at a known distance from an inducible and visualizable transcriptional reporter and methods to study both the DNA damage repair and its effects on local transcription. A segmentation method termed maximum likelihood estimation (MAMLE) was developed for MS2 visualization-based detection of cells within dense clusters (Chowdhury et al. 2013). Dundr (2013) described how to use MS2-based imaging to probe the contribution of specific RNAs in the formation of nuclear bodies.
Sex Steroid Action Mechanism by Cytochemistry in Normal and Neoplastic Target-Tissues*
Published in Louis P. Pertschuk, Sin Hang Lee, Localization of Putative Steroid Receptors, 2019
Elisabetta Marchetti, Andrea Marzola, Alberto Bagni, Patricza Querzoli, Guidalberto Fabris, Italo Nenci
By monitoring the temperature-dependent redistribution of the bound ligand, it was possible to distinctly appreciate a nuclear positivity in cells incubated at 37°C. The diffuse nuclear staining was soon replaced by a finite number of long-lasting retention sites on the chromatin network and by a nucleolar localization.1,2,18 At electron microscopy, with hormone immunocytochemistry, the fine punctuate nuclear positivity appeared to correspond with the decoration of some globoid structures; moreover, the nucleolus also appeared specifically stained.5,6 These globoid structures have been identified as nuclear bodies, physiological organelles with a DNA coat, which are the morphological expression of estrogen-induced transcriptional activity.48
Correlation between cytogenetic biomarkers obtained from DC and CBMN assays caused by low dose radon exposure in smokers
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Micronucleus is small, extra nuclear bodies that are formed from acentric fragments. Radiation induced micronuclei originates from acentric fragments whereas spontaneous micronuclei contains whole chromosomes (Pala et al. 2008; Durante and Formenti 2018). Available body of evidence between micronuclei and dicentric correlation gives varied results. In the present study, positive correlation was observed between micronuclei and acentric fragments in non-smokers. There was positive correlation between the dicentric level in lymphocytes and micronuclei level in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells (Lucero et al 2000, Patel et al 2009; Pinto et al. 2000). However, few studies found no positive correlation between micronuclei and acentric fragments (Kryscio et al. 2001; Müller et al. 2004). Albering et al. (1992) observed no correlation between any cytogenetic endpoint (sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei, chromosome aberrations).
Remodeling the cancer epigenome: mutations in the SWI/SNF complex offer new therapeutic opportunities
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2019
Krystal A Orlando, Vinh Nguyen, Jesse R Raab, Tara Walhart, Bernard E Weissman
One other family of regulatory molecules solidly linked to the SWI/SNF complex in cancer are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA). Prensner et al. reported that the lncRNA, SChLAP1, antagonizes the SWI/SNF complex by binding and impairing the tumor suppressor functions of the complex in prostate cancer [191]. In bladder cancers, UCA1 was reported to bind to SMARCA4 and reduce the expression of the RB/CDKN2A pathway to inhibit cell cycle arrest [192]. Some lncRNA, rather than binding to the complex, recruit it, such as lncTCF7 recruiting the SWI/SNF complex to the promoter of the TCF7 gene to activate the Wnt signaling pathway [193]. Other reports implicate the SWI/SNF complex in the regulation of macrophage functions and assembly of nuclear bodies through direct interactions with lncRNAs [194,195]. Because effective treatment options based on targeting lncRNAs remain in their infancy, their application as therapeutic options for SWI/SNF-mutant cancers awaits further developments.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia presenting as recurrent venous and arterial thrombotic events: a case report and review of the literature
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Kira MacDougall, Divya Chukkalore, Maryam Rehan, Meena Kashi, Alexander Bershadskiy
APL is a very aggressive malignancy, with a median survival of less than 1 month without treatment[5]. Since the advent of ATRA, and more recently arsenic trioxide (ATO), significant improvement in patient outcomes have been achieved, and APL has become the most curable subtype of AML. Both ATRA and ATO degrade the PML–RARa fusion protein by acting on the RARa and PML moieties, respectively. ATRA mainly degrades the protein through proteosome-mediated pathways and caspases, while ATO-induced degradation is initiated through sumoylation of the PML moiety. Both treatments ultimately lead to restoration of PML nuclear bodies[3].