China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Recent Developments in Therapies and Strategies Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Misbah Hameed, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
Interferons are the signaling proteins that are released in the body in response to the viral infections. IFN-I is a cytokine that is released after viral infection. It is immediately recognized as IFNAR receptors are present on the plasma membrane of most cells. Where it induces signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation. STAT1 in return activate ISG, which interfere with viral replication, spreading, and activating the adaptive immune response. ISGs has several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for recognition of infectious agents. The ISGs has role in decreasing membrane fluidity, reducing the membrane fusion and the escape of the virus. ISGs also can prevent viral cycle at several steps because of some antiviral proteins [65].
Antimicrobials during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
The interferons are used to treat a variety of viral infections and immune system modulation. The European Interferon B Registry reported 948 pregnancies that were exposed to interferon B to treat multiple sclerosis, and the frequency of birth defects was not increased above the background rate (Hellwig et al., 2018). However, the timing of drug exposures during the study pregnancies was not reported.
The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Interferons are a family of proteins produced by host cells in response to a variety of stimuli including viral infection. The formation of double stranded viral RNA within the infected cell induces the formation of interferons. Interferons may induce an antiviral state within many cells in the body. The production of interferons is a basic defense mechanism of animals against viral infections. There are three distinct types of interferons (alpha, beta, and gamma). Alpha and beta interferons bind to specific cell receptors and cause cells to produce proteins that have antiviral properties. For example, 2–5A synthetase causes the activation of nucleases that mediate degradation of viral RNAs. Gamma interferon, which is produced by leukocytes, causes the activation of macrophages and the production of antiviral cytokines which amplify the antiviral immune response.
Patients with dermatomyositis shared partially similar transcriptome signature with COVID-19 infection
Published in Autoimmunity, 2023
Yiying Yang, Jie Song, Hongjun Zhao, Huali Zhang, Muyao Guo
Interferon is a cytokine produced by monocytes and lymphocytes, which has the effects of anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-infection and immune regulation. Interferon (IFN) family can be divided into three classes, consisting of type I IFN, type II IFN, and type III IFN [29]. The etiology of DM is still unclear. However, type I IFN signal pathway is strongly associated with the pathogenesis of DM [30–32]. DM patients showed an increased expression of the type I IFN-inducible genes in blood, muscle and skin [33–36]. In addition, type I IFN-inducible genes were positively correlated with the disease activity of DM [33, 35]. Type I IFN mainly includes IFNαand β, produced by macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). IFN can activate JAK-STAT pathway by phosphorylation of STAT 1 and 2 via binding with the receptors [29].
Dual role of ARPC1B in regulating the network between tumor-associated macrophages and tumor cells in glioblastoma
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Tianqi Liu, Chen Zhu, Xin Chen, Jianqi Wu, Gefei Guan, Cunyi Zou, Shuai Shen, Ling Chen, Peng Cheng, Wen Cheng, Anhua Wu
Interferons play a critical role in the immune system process and antitumour immune response. However, analysis of differentially expressed cytokines caused by ARPC1B knockdown in TAMs identified IFNγ as the mediator between glioma cells and TAMs. Moreover, IFNγ could reverse the decreased migration, invasion and EMT status of glioma cells induced by co-culture with ARPC1B-knockdown macrophages. IFNγ also promoted the EMT status in glioma cells. These findings indicate that IFNγ promotes the malignant phenotypes of glioma cells. Indeed, several studies have shown the tumor-promoting and EMT-enhancing role of IFNγ in tumor cells.43–45 We previously developed an interferon risk signature, which was confirmed to be an independent indicator for an unfavorable prognosis in glioma.19 Therefore, our results suggest that IFNγ facilitates the TAMs-GBM network based on ARPC1B to promote the malignancy of glioma cells.
Measuring IFN activity in suspected SLE: a valuable step?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Jose Rubio, Vasileios C. Kyttaris
Interferon (IFN) I proteins are essential for human host response against viruses. Type I interferons include twelve IFN-α subtypes, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, and IFN-ω. Previous studies in animal models and humans have consistently shown an aberrant expression of type I interferon regulated genes in peripheral blood and affected tissues in SLE, commonly known as the IFN signature. The inciting event that triggers a persistent production of type I IFN is not completely understood but evidence shows that a combination of genetic (e.g., IRF5 haplotype, IFNK polymorphisms) and environmental factors (e.g., UVB light, infections) is implicated [15,16]. In addition, estrogen had been found to enhance the activation of IFN-α signaling [17,18]. High levels of IFN-α are induced by the interaction of immune-complexes with toll-like receptors (TLR) particularly TLR7 or TLR9, a process that takes place primarily within plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Moreover, an increased production of interferon-α can be further amplified by a prolonged exposure to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Several signaling pathways are activated after the binding of type I interferons to their receptor (IFNAR1), triggering the transcription of hundreds of type I IFN-stimulated genes, creating the interferon signature. Importantly, the interferon signature has been used as a biomarker to predict the effectiveness of interferon targeting drugs, albeit with variable success [9].