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The Inflammatory Response: A Bridge Between The Constitutive and Inducible Systems
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
This chapter describes the molecular and cellular basis of the inflammatory response, a set of parallel reactions that is conserved in all vertebrates and provides rapid but relatively nonspecific defense against microbes. The inflammatory response is initiated by all types of tissue damage and mediates both wound cleansing and healing.
Assessing and managing pain
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Lindsey Pollard, Harriet Barker
When there is tissue damage, an inflammatory response is triggered. Various chemicals (sometimes called the ‘sensitising soup’) are released reducing the firing threshold of the nociceptors (or ‘pain receptors’). When these pain receptors are activated, a nerve impulse or action potential travels to the dorsal horn in the spinal cord. There are two main groups of pain nerves, Aδ- or C-fibres. The Aδ-fibres are larger and myelinated and transmit impulses more quickly than the C-fibres. The Aδ-fibres conduct ‘fast pain, often described as sharp pain, and the C-fibres conduct slow, aching pain’. These pains are called nociceptive (see Box 9.6).
Inflammatory Biomarkers: An Important Tool for Herbal Drug Discovery
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Mahfoozur Rahman, Ankit Sahoo, Mohammad Atif, Sarwar Beg
From the ancient time, medicinal plants are globally used to prevent and to treat disease. The early manuscripts of herbal drugs data back to 5,000 years in India and China, gives the importance of plants in the management of health. According to the WHO more, than half of the world population uses the medicinal plant-based system for the primary healthcare and medicinal plant to contribute near about 80% of the raw material in the traditional medicinal system. The demand of herbal drug is increasing day by day as the side effect and toxicity of the allopathic drug cause increase in the use of an herbal drug which leads to the drastic development of herbal drug industry. The demand of herbal medicines has been constantly rising every year (Vishal, 2014; Mishra, 2016). In developing countries, peoples use herbal drugs for the treatment of disorders and diseases as it is a part of their culture in those communities. Now researchers gave more attention to plants to discover new leads, thereby fulfilling the health care needs and reducing the number of deaths due to untreatable infections. In the development of various human diseases, inflammation plays an essential role including Asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, RA, Crohn’s disease, and tendonitis. Chronic inflammatory response, however, is a driving force for the advancement of cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and obesity. When inflammatory is under control, it is helpful to protect the organ against complete collapse, while uncontrolled treatment leads to unwanted physical decay.
Research progress on antiviral constituents in traditional Chinese medicines and their mechanisms of action
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Inflammation aggravates the immune inflammatory injury of virus-infected target organs. Inflammatory response remains one of the most common and serious complications of disease (Xie et al. 2019). A growing body of evidence suggests that in addition to direct viral damage, uncontrolled inflammation caused by host immune response disorders can also lead to disease severity and death (Caiazzo et al. 2020; Moore and June 2020; Cao and Li 2020). Under physiological conditions, anti-inflammatory cytokines regulate and balance the inflammatory response. However, the dual function of cytokines can be beneficial or harmful to the host. Under pathological conditions, the proinflammatory response is out of control and the balance is disrupted, and excessive proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory immune cells may lead to additional tissue damage and inflammation (de Jong et al. 2006).
Linking stress and inflammation – is there a missing piece in the puzzle?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Albert Pinhasov, Michael Kirby
Any inflammatory response will typically resolve through homeostatic feedback and resume normal inflammatory states. In contrast, a chronic state of inflammation appears to be maintained through processes that thwart the mechanisms tasked with maintaining what we regard as normative human physiology [10]. As a result, long-term elevated serum cytokines and cortisol steadily lead to allostatic alterations throughout the body. If normative inflammation states are viewed as a set of functions within a Lorenz space, these functions follow a trajectory orbiting a Lorenz attractor, which is essentially the sum of normal homeostatic mechanisms. Maintenance of altered, chronic inflammation-induced allostatic states, however, suggests that a new Lorenz attractor emerges around which inflammation mechanisms orbit and are stabilized. What this new attractor is has been a matter of debate (for example, there are strong associations between chronic inflammation and low socioeconomic status or excessive body fat [11]) and much work has been directed toward trying to identify it [12] as a potential target for pharmacological intervention.
Improved anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin by designing self-emulsifying drug delivery system
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Muhammad Hanif, Nabeela Ameer, Muhammad Khalid Mahmood, Ahmed Shehzad, Muhammad Azeem, Hafsa Latif Rana, Muhammad Usman
Inflammation is a biological response of an organism to some agent, causing involvement of vascular and cellular elements that results in the formation and release of inflammatory mediators, such as proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, etc. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to unequal balance between production and consumption of ROS consequently causing tissue damage and macromolecule oxidation [6]. Although inflammation is a physiological response of host against both external and internal stimuli, it is also considered to have role in pathophysiology of various chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune, and cancer. Therefore, the reduction of inflammatory response would be promising approach for treatment of complications associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in the management of inflammation, their adverse effects have led to the investigation of new compounds from plants to be used in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory disorders with advantage of improved safety profiles [7].