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The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Each cell in the body, except sperm, has marker molecules on the cell surface that identify them as belonging to that individual. This is part of the histocompatibility system of the body and is one of the main reasons why individuals undergoing organ transplant need to be immunosuppressed following transplantation. Without the use of immunosuppressive drugs, the donor cells, which do not carry the correct (i.e., the host’s) marker molecules, would be attacked by the host’s immune system (Norris 2018).
Ayurveda Renaissance – Quo Vadis?
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
The human leukocyte antigen (H.L.A.) system is a gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex (M.H.C.) proteins in human beings. These proteins found on the cell surface are responsible for the regulation of the immune system. H.L.A. genes are highly polymorphic and they have many different alleles (mutants of a gene found at the same place on a chromosome), allowing greater efficiency of the adaptive immune system (Svejgaard 1978; Bodmer 1997; Jin and Wang 2003).
Introduction: HLA Matching in Transplantation
Published in M. Kam, Jeffrey L. Bidwell, Handbook of HLA TYPING TECHNIQUES, 2020
The overall survival of cadaveric organ transplants is inferior to sibling live donor transplants, largely because the latter are genotypically identical for the entire HLA region and share at least 50% of non-HLA histocompatibility antigens inherited from one parental gene pool. The mismatch load between siblings is less than that between unrelated individuals despite being selected for HLA identity.
The impact of the HLA DQB1 gene and amino acids on the development of narcolepsy
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Leila Kachooei-Mohaghegh-yaghoobi, Fatemeh Rezaei-Rad, Khosro Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, Mahdi Zamani
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex is a group of related proteins which are encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene in humans. These genes are located on chromosome 6 and based on their specific function which are divided into three sub-regions of HLA class I, II and III. HLA class I and II code for glycoproteins which are involved in antigen processing and surface antigen presentation to cytotoxic and regulatory T lymphocytes, respectively. Specific components of HLA class II are encoded by HLA-DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 genes that are linked to autoimmune diseases such as type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and Graves’ disease [2–5]. HLA class II genes are generally expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, including B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, etc. The binding and presentation of processed antigens that are mediated by HLA proteins are critical to the development of tolerance in the thymus (by deletion of self-reactive T cells) and determination of an immune response in the periphery. Therefore it is not unexpected that vast majority of autoimmune diseases show associations with variants of HLA genes.
Optimizing outcomes for haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in severe aplastic anemia with intensive GVHD prophylaxis: a review of current findings
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2021
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and immunosuppressive therapy (IST) remain effective options for severe aplastic anemia (SAA) [1]. Currently, allo-HSCT may be preferable to IST, especially in younger patients, because allo-HSCT virtually eliminates the risk for disease relapse or the development of clonal disorders [2]. In the past several decades, donor limitation has restricted the wide application of allo-HSCT in SAA. Only a minority of patients have histocompatibility antigen (HLA)-matched donors. Haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-SCT) has made ‘everyone has a donor’ a reality but is associated with high incidences of severe graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), graft failure (GF), and transplant-related complications during the initial experience [3].
Comparison of the effects of colonic electrical stimulation and prucalopride on gastrointestinal transit and defecation in a canine model of constipation
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Shuo Chen, Liang Liu, Yanmei Li, Hailong Li, Xizhen Sun, Dan Zhu, Qiao Meng, Shukun Yao, Shiyu Du
Throughout the experiment, the general conditions of the animals were good, and the implanted CES system worked normally. Subcutaneous edema occurred in five dogs in the region of the embedded stimulator after surgery, but all of them recovered completely in two weeks. No other complications were found. As far as we know, a comprehensive evaluation of histocompatibility on CES system has also been carried out in this study for the first time. The evaluation of histocompatibility has been conducted both under macroscopic and microscopic observation. After the 3-month experiment duration, there was local adhesion surrounding the implanted leads. The impact of the electrodes, leads and stimulators on the colonic wall was limited to minimal inflammation and fibrosis. These histological changes are common manifestations around implanted materials. These results indicate that the CES system implantation achieved good endurance and histocompatibility with the animals. To realize the human application of this technology, a higher degree of miniaturization and biocompatibility is needed for further technical improvement.