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Benign Oral and Dental Disease
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Konrad S. Staines, Alexander Crighton
Localized gingival swellings (epulides) may be of local aetiology (irritation) or can be manifestations of pregnancy, a neoplasm or systemic disease (Table 42.4). Generalized gingival swelling is most commonly seen in chronic gingivitis, or caused by drugs such as phenytoin, cyclosporin and calcium channel blockers (Figure 42.3) and is occasionally hereditary (hereditary gingival fibromatosis). Gingival swelling may also be seen in herpetic stomatitis, leukaemia, Crohn’s disease (CD), orofacial granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, scurvy and other disorders.
Enhanced expression of son of sevenless homolog 1 is predictive of poor prognosis in uveal malignant melanoma patients
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2019
SOS1 is an essential activator of Ras and Rac signaling pathways, which was suggested to be associated with most important cellular functions such as cell migration, division, and differentiation (17). Many recent studies have reported the relationship between SOS1 mutations and the development of several diseases, including noonan syndrome, facial dysmorphia, congenital heart defects, lung adenocarcinoma, hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1, and skeletal abnormalities (12,18). Although attentions have been paid to the functions of SOS1 in disease development, the expression and effect of SOS1 on UM remained poorly understand. In the present study, the researchers firstly investigated the mRNA level of SOS1 in primary UM cells based on GSE44295 dataset and found that mRNA expression of SOS1 was markedly higher in UM cells compared to the normal cells (p < 0.001, Figure 1(a)). The enhanced expression of SOS1 has also been observed previously in prostate cancer epithelial cells (15) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissues (19). However, the small sample size for the normal control group (only three samples) is a limitation of our present expression analysis. In the future study, we will collect clinical samples of UM tissues and the corresponding normal adjacent tissues of these samples to analyze the expression of SOS1. Our further Kaplan–Meier analysis based on the data of 78 UM patients obtained form TCGA database showed that high expression of SOS1 was correlated to poor prognosis in UM patients (Figure 1(b)), indicating it can serve as a potential predictor in UM. Chi-squared test revealed that SOS1 expression level was significantly associated with histological-type (p = 0.043) and death (p = 0.012), respectively (Table 2). However, no significant correlation was found between SOS1 expression and the clinicopathological indexes in EOC patients. High expression of SOS1 protein was correlated with shorter progression-free survival of EOC patients, but this correlation was not statistically significant (19). These differences may be caused by the difference between different types of cancers. Moreover, small sample size also could cause discrepancies in analysis results.