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The Inducible System: History of Development of Immunology as a Component of Host-Parasite Interactions
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
In 1796, the Englishman Edward Jenner discovered that infection with the vaccinia virus, which causes the disease of cowpox in cows but is only mildly pathogenic in humans, provided lasting immunity against smallpox. Jenner′s discovery demonstrated that an immune response could react against two closely related viruses. The concept of cross-reactivity was an important exception to the rule of immune specificity.
Towards the Importance of Fenugreek Proteins
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Allergenicity risks of legumes might include mild skin reaction, oral allergy or extreme anaphylactic reactions. Allergenic legumes are reported in the order of peanut > soybean > lentil > chickpea > pea > mung bean. Allergenic proteins of peanut, as the most serious potential allergen among legumes, are reported as peanut profilin (Ara h 5), pathogenesis-related (PR-10), pollen protein (Ara h 8), prolamins (Ara h 2, Ara h 6, Ara h 7, and Ara h 9), cupins (Ara h 1, Ara h 3, and Ara h 4) and oleosins (Ara h 10 and Ara h 11) (Fæste et al., 2010). Allergenic legumes proteins usually show high resistance to prolonged heat treatments or extensive proteolysis (Carbonaro et al., 2014). Research studies indicate that sensitization might happen in peanut allergic patients by consumption of fenugreek-containing foods, probably owing to extensive cross-reactivity between these two legumes. Cross‐reactivity occurs when one antibody binds to different allergens due to highly similar epitopes, homologous proteins containing conserved sequence motifs (Vinge et al., 2012). Such cross-reactivity between other members of the Leguminosae family such as peanut, soy, and lupin has previously been documented (Lallès & Peltre, 1996; Jensen et al., 2008; Fæste et al., 2010).
Immunocytochemical Detection Systems
Published in Lars-Inge Larsson, Immunocytochemistry: Theory and Practice, 2020
Again, it should be emphasized that no immunocytochemical methodology, whether mono-or polyclonal, will eliminate problems of cross-reactivity. This has to be solved by judicious use of region-specific antibodies as described in Chapter 1, Section II.B.
Analysis of erythrocyte membrane proteins in patients with hereditary spherocytosis and other types of haemolytic anaemia
Published in Hematology, 2018
Atsushi Shibuya, Hiroaki Kawashima, Masato Tanaka
The tryptic peptide fingerprinting method using MALDI-TOFMS showed interactions between low-molecular-weight (degraded) spectrin and ankyrin in the area of band 3 separated by SDS-PAGE in the pre-splenectomy patient with HS and two patients with β-Thal in only ankyrin also showed haemoglobin-derived peptides in a patient with post-splenectomy Hb Evans and Hb Sabine were detected after 2000 m/z area calculated by Mascot search analysis soft (Matrix Science Co) sequence percentage of those peptides (Table 1). Similarly, western blotting analysis showed that degraded spectrin fragments were found at 120 and 90 kDa in cases HS1(pre-splenectomy stage), HS3, HS5, and were shown in very small quantity in HS7, HS8, HS9, and HS10 with post-splenectomy cases. Degraded fragments of band 3 protein were also detected in several bands at 44–55 kDa in HS2. Degraded ankyrin fragment was found at 180, 130, and 90 kDa, in HS1, HS3, HS5, and HS7. However, this ankyrin antibody also reacted to the 220 kDa and degraded 90 kDa spectrin in addition to the original ankyrin molecule 200 kDa. It was thought to be an antibody indicate cross-reactivity showing. It is considered to be consistent with the response of the peptide wave pattern after 2000 m/z in HS1 (pre-splenectomy stage), HS3, HS5, and HS7. Two patients with β-Thal also showed the ankyrin peptide, although this was not detected in the patient with haemolytic anaemia or in the controls (Table 1, Figures 1 –3).
Blood biomarkers in ischemic stroke: potential role and challenges in clinical practice and research
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2018
Konstantinos Makris, Alexander Haliassos, Maria Chondrogianni, Georgios Tsivgoulis
Other significant problems include interferences from autoantibodies and other binding proteins that may be present in the biological sample. As with all immunoassays, ELISAs are also prone to cross-reactivity and matrix-effect. Cross-reactivity is the possibility of the antibodies binding to more than one antigen, thereby causing an erroneous result and often a false-positive effect. Another problem is interferences that result from the matrix effects of the samples, which is due to unknown and unspecified factors present in the sample that interfere with the immunoassay. Matrix effect is usually manifested by low recovery of a specific amount of cytokine spiked into a sample or a non-linear dilution of the sample. This can be resolved by preparing the calibrators in a solution that closely resembles the sample, however, the selection of such diluent is not a simple task. In any case, commercial assays should only be used with samples types that these kits are validated for in order to minimize matrix effect. However, this cannot be said with certainty because investigators use homemade assays in their studies. These studies should be used with caution in reviews and meta-analyses.
The molecular structure and biological functions of RNA methylation, with special emphasis on the roles of RNA methylation in autoimmune diseases
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Wanwan Zhou, Xiao Wang, Jun Chang, Chenglong Cheng, Chenggui Miao
The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is complex, and various factors, including the loss of immune tolerance, play a role. Generally, the body is tolerant to autoantigens; however, variations in antigenic properties can lead to a loss of tolerance. For example, denatured gamma globulins acquire antigenicity by exposing new antigenic determinants that induce the expression of autoantibodies in RA. Additionally, the modifications in the carrier part of an autoantigen result in a T helper (Th) cell-mediated immune response [8,9]. Cross-reactivity can also lead to immune intolerance, in that foreign antigens with a similar composition to tissues of the body may elicit an immune reaction and cause immune injury [10].