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Etiopathogenesis
Published in Vineet Relhan, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sneha Ghunawat, Khushbu Mahajan, Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo, 2020
Dario Didona, Biagio Didona, Giovanni Paolino, Raffaele Dante Caposiena Caro
In most patients with vitiligo, the balance of cytotoxic/suppressor and helper/inducer T cells in peripheral blood is disturbed [11]. Moreover, in progressive disease, the CD4+⁄CD8+ ratio is decreased [21]. In addition, a dysfunction of T-regulatory cells (T-regs) has been observed, suggesting that T-regs are unable to control the immunological attack and destruction in vitiligo patients [21].
Cellular Immune Responses
Published in Roberto R. Kretschmer, Amebiasis: Infection and Disease by Entamoeba histolytica, 2020
Librado Ortiz-Ortiz, Blanca Ruiz, Araceli Gonzalez
A similar study was performed in patients with ALA that had been treated for an average of 9 weeks.8 Absolute lymphocyte counts were comparable in patients and controls, although the percentage of T lymphocytes in differential counts in ALA patients was lower than in controls. Furthermore, the CD4 helper/inducer lymphocyte subpopulation was lower, and the CD8 suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes higher in patients than in healthy controls. As a result, the CD4:CD8 ratio was lower in ALA patients (1.25 ± 0.65 when compared with 1.89 ± 0.44) than in controls. Interestingly, four out of five patients studied a year later had an increased percentage of CD4 cells and the CD4:CD8 ratio had increased in three of five individuals, all of whom had previously ratios that were below the mean observed in control subjects. Monocyte-derived macrophages from two patients killed virulent amebic trophozoites when activated with Con A-elicited lymphokines produced by lymphocytes from normal individuals. Furthermore, T lymphocytes from patients cured of ALA also kill amebas but only when activated with amebic protein indicating that an antigen-specific activation of patient T lymphocyte cytotoxic activity occurs in ALA.8
The respiratory system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
This is a diffuse fibroinflammatory lung disease, centred on the small airways, which is caused by the inhalation of different antigens (Table 8.3), most commonly organic dusts. These elicit a secondary abnormal exaggerated immune reaction in susceptible individuals, resulting in inflammation and eventually fibrosis in the lung. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) shows a T-cell lymphocytosis of up to 70%. The CD4:CD8 ratio may be normal or low. The T lymphocytes are responsive to a specific causative antigen and most patients have serum antibodies directed against that antigen. Some patients with active disease show a defect in antigen-specific, T-lymphocyte-suppressor function, and the presence of small non-necrotizing granulomas suggests the role of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
Ritonavir nanosuspensions prepared by microfluidization with enhanced solubility and desirable immunological properties
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Alptug Karakucuk, Hande Canpinar, Nevin Celebi
RTV NSs were prepared by the microfluidization method with desired PS, PSD, and ZP values and characterized by the existence of surfactants as a stabilizer. The design of the experimental approach was used to reduce the number of experiments and improve the final product quality. Stabilizer type, stabilizer ratio, and homogenization cycles were effective on PS reduction, narrower PSD, and higher ZP values. The NSs stayed physically stable during the short-term storage with Tween 80 stabilized NSs which was also found optimum. Morphologic, thermal, and crystal properties of the NSs did not change during the preparation process. Saturation solubility and dissolution velocity were significantly enhanced by NS formulation. The immunologic evaluation was performed with HPMC stabilized RTV NSs described in the previous study. CD4+/CD8+ ratio is crucial to be kept in an immune dynamic balance. As CD4/CD8+ ratio has a high value, RTV NS can be administrated orally without any immunologic reactions.
Secondary syphilis presenting with “crown of Venus” alopecia
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Annia Cavazos, Anasua Deb, Dushyant Pawar, Upama Sharma, Gaspar Del Rio-Pertuz, Meredith Pham, Abhijit G. Gutal, Richard Winn
A 28-year-old Hispanic man with no previous medical history presented with a 6-month history of hair loss, shedding scalp, progressive vision loss, body aches, loss of balance, numbness and tingling of the lower extremities, and headache. He had a history of sex with men but no prior sexually transmitted disease diagnosis. Physical examination revealed scaly and diffuse scalp alopecia with rough texture involving the frontotemporal area and associated with eyebrow hair loss (Figure 1a), as well as an irregular erythematous rash involving the palms and webs of fingers (Figure 1c), brown macules located on the soles of the feet (Figure 1d), multiple ulcerated painless lesions in the penis, conjunctival hyperemia with decreased visual acuity, an erythematous lesion on vermilion of the bottom lip, two whitish tender lesions on the roof of the mouth, and dysphonia. Computed tomography of the head and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were within normal limits. Serology was reactive for syphilis, with a rapid plasma reagin titer of 1:2048; the Cryptococcus neoformans antigen test showed a titer of 1:2 in the cerebrospinal fluid, and the HIV polymerase chain reaction test viral load was 307,000 copies/mL. The CD4 count was 215 cells/mm3 (9%), the CD8 count was 1682 cells/mm3 (70%), and the CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.1 (1/8). Cerebrospinal fluid studies revealed a reactive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test with a titer of 1:2, a white blood cell count of 72 mm3, lymphocytes 68 mm3, monocytes 7 mm3, glucose 39 mg/dL, and protein 67 mg/dL.
Lymphocytes subsets in correlation with clinical profile in CVID patients without monogenic defects
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Farzaneh Tofighi Zavareh, Abbas Mirshafiey, Reza Yazdani, Abbas Ali Keshtkar, Hassan Abolhassani, Yasser Bagheri, Arezou Rezaei, Samaneh Delavari, Nima Rezaei, Asghar Aghamohammadi
Regarding the CD4+ T cell compartment, higher levels of reduction observed in IO group were seen for total and naive CD4+ T cells in CE group. There was also a remarkable increase in EM subset of patients with CE compared to IO (Figure 4). On the other hand, when making a comparison between CE patients and their matched HCs using pair-statistical tests, we noticed a significant decrease in total, naive and CM CD4+ T cells and Tregs as well as an increase in EM subset. In AI patients, we also noticed a significant reduction in Th1 in comparison to the matched HC (Table 3). Regarding CD8+ T cells, some increases of subset patterns in IO patients were repeated for AI ones, such as the percentage of total, EM, TEMRA and cytotoxic CD8+T cells (Figure 4). In comparison with their matched HC, AI patients showed a significant rise in EM, activated and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (Table 3). Furthermore, a significantly diminished naive CD8+ T cells were seen among CE patients not only in comparison to IO (Figure 4) but compared to HC (Table 3). There were also significant increases in total, EM, activated and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in CE group when compared to the matched HC (Table 3). The inverted CD4/CD8 ratio was detected in all clinical phenotypes, especially in AI and CE groups with a ratio of 0.6.